Some consequences of capillary permeability to macromolecules: Starling's hypothesis reconsidered
Abstract
Starling's hypothesis ascribes fluid movements across capillary walls to the interaction of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces. For 90 years it has been recognized as the basis of plasma-to-interstitial fluid balance. Its original statement was based on the notion of capillary impermeability to plasma proteins. However, as knowledge of transcapillary exchange of plasma proteins developed, its formulation was progressively modified to allow for protein transport and for interaction of protein transport with volume flow. The most important aspects of the conceptual evolution of Starling's hypothesis are reviewed in the text of this lecture.
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In humans, the daily transport of lymph can exceed 8 L of fluid and 120 g of protein per day.
“In humans, the daily transport of lymph can exceed 8 L of fluid and 120 g of protein per day (9).”
From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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Orrego, H., & Carmichael, F. (1992) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1992.tb00939.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Simulated Lymphatic Fluid for In-Vitro Assessment in Pharmaceutical Development
Yousef, M., Park, C., Le, T. S., Bou‐Chacra, N. A., Davies, N. M., & Löbenberg, R. (2022) · Dissolution Technologies · doi:10.14227/dt290222p86 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Comprehensive Approach to Management of Lymphedema
Misra, S., & Carroll, B. J. (2023) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-023-00991-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In the average adult, over 8 L of lymphatic flow is generated daily [10].”
BackgroundPiscitani, L., Reboldi, G., Venanzi, A., Timio, F., D’Ostilio, A., Sirolli, V., & Bonomini, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12051930 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Through the lymphatic system, around 8 L of fluid and proteins otherwise accumulating in extravascular compartments is returned daily to the venous circulation [24].”
BackgroundWater intake releases serotonin from enterochromaffin cells in rat jejunal villi
Kajihara, R., Amari, K., Arai, N., Nagashio, S., Hayashi, M., Watanabe-Asaka, T., Kaidoh, M., Yokoyama, Y., Maejima, D., Kawai, Y., et al. (2021) · Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-021-02569-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Renkin, E. M.
- Corresponding author
- Renkin, E. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-05-01
- Volume
- 250
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- H706-H710
- ISSN
- 0363-6135 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1539
- OpenAlex
- W2282473666
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-18010, HL-10936, HL-17998)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Blood properties and coagulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation
- Keywords
- capillary permeability, macromolecules, plasma proteins, transcapillary exchange, colloid osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, interstitial fluid, protein trafficking, volumetric flow rate
- MeSH terms
- Capillary Permeability, Models, Cardiovascular, Macromolecular Substances
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