Cited by 1,511Nitric Oxide and Endothelin EffectsRedox biology and oxidative stressFree Radicals and Antioxidants

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The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide

Pryor, W. A., Squadrito, G. L.·1995·American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

DOI 10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.5.l699

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Abstract

Nitric oxide and superoxide, which are produced by several cell types, rapidly combine to form peroxynitrite. This reaction can result in nitric oxide scavenging, and thus mitigation of the biological effects of superoxide. Also, superoxide can trap and hence modulate the effects of nitric oxide; superoxide dismutase, by controlling superoxide levels, therefore can influence the reaction pathways open to nitric oxide. The production of peroxynitrite, however, causes its own sequelae of events: Although neither .NO nor superoxide is a strong oxidant, peroxynitrite is a potent and versatile oxidant that can attack a wide range of biological targets. The peroxynitrite anion is relatively stable, but its acid, peroxynitrous acid (HOONO), rearranges to form nitrate with a half-life of approximately 1 s at pH 7, 37 degrees C. HOONO exists as a Boltzmann distribution of rotamers; at 5-37 degrees C HOONO has an apparent acidity constant, pKa,app, of 6.8. Oxidation reactions of HOONO can involve two-electron processes (such as an SN2 displacement) or a one-electron transfer (ET) reaction in which the substrate is oxidized by one electron and peroxynitrite is reduced. These oxidation reactions could involve one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism is homolysis of HOONO to give HO. and .NO2, which initially are held together in a solvent cage. This caged pair of radicals (the "geminate" pair) can either diffuse apart, giving free radicals that can perform oxidations, or react together either to form nitrate or to reform HOONO (a process called cage return). A large amount of cage return can explain the small entropy of activation (Arrhenius A-factor) observed for the decomposition of HOONO. A cage mechanism also can explain the residual yield of nitrate that appears to be formed even in the presence of high concentrations of all of the scavengers studied to date, since scavengers capture only free HO. and .NO2 and not caged radicals. If the cage mechanism is correct, the rate of disappearance of peroxynitrite be slower in solvents of higher viscosity, and we do not find this to be the case. The second mechanism is that an activated isomer of peroxynitrous acid, HOONO*, can be formed in a steady state. The HOONO* mechanism can explain the inability of hydroxyl radical scavengers to completely block either nitrate formation or the oxidation of substrates such as methionine, since HOONO* would be less reactive, and therefore more selective, than the hydroxyl radical itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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BackgroundInfluential
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Kumar, D., Moore, R. M., Khwad, M. E., Silver, R. J., & Moore, J. J. (2004) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2003.12.005 · Cited by 17
“with infection [13], maternal smoking [14], MMP-9 activation * To whom correspondence should be addressed.”
Background
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“It should be noted that HA in the cytosol is converted into NO and O2 ., which are likely to form OONO (Liu et al., 1994; Pryor and Squadrito, 1995).”
Background
Serum Clara-Cell Protein and β2-Microglobulin as Early Markers of Occupational Exposure to Nitric Oxides
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“Impairment of this enzyme, increased production of reactive oxygen metabolites, and the large quantities of superoxide would result in formation of the highly oxidizing peroxynitrite from NO (Van Dyke et al., 1994; Pryor & Squadrito, 1995).”
Background
Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor on Diaphragmatic Function after Resistive Loading
Bisnett, T., Anzueto, A., Andrade, F. H., Rodney, G. G., Napier, W., Levine, S. M., Maxwell, L. C., Mureeba, P., Derdak, S., Grisham, M. B., et al. (1998) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(97)00420-0 · Cited by 17
Nitric Oxide System and Protein Nitration are Modified by an Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia in the Adult Rat Hippocampus
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“Because in our model, NO is hypothesized to interact with superoxide to generate peroxynitrite (5,24,26), we evaluated the effects of a peroxynitrite generator, SIN-1 (1 mM) on endothelial permeability (Fig.”
Method
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“Superoxide itself and its metabolites (radical oxidative species) attack proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, thereby aecting their structure and function [26,27].”
Background
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“, stomach, phagolysosomes, and endosomes), followed by nitrous acid dimerization and dehydration with subsequent homolysis of N2O3 to NO and NO2 [21]; (iii) decomposition of peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH) in acidic inflammatory compartments [22]; and (iv) peroxidase- and heme protein-catalyzed oxidation of NO2 [23].”
Background
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“Peroxynitrite is generated from the combination of superoxide anion radical with the product of nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide (NO) [11].”
Background
Chapter 17 Glial glutamate transport as target for nitric oxide: consequences for neurotoxicity
Ye, Z., & Sontheimer, H. W. (1998) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63212-4 · Cited by 16
Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Apoptosis in Amnion-derived WISH Cells is not Inhibited by Vitamin C
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“The reaction of O2 − with NO leads to the production of peroxynitrite (ONOO), a potent oxidant, causing tissue injury [7].”
Background
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“, xanthine oxidase, or mitochondrial cytochrome c, or possibly peroxynitrite) [21–23] are supposed to be used for generation and interaction with myeloperoxidase in neutrophils.”
Background
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“The cytotoxicity of NO is, in part, mediated by peroxynitrite anion, a reactive oxidant species formed from NO and superoxide an almost diffusion-controlled rate [35-37].”
Background
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“These superoxide radicals, though not very reactive, can spontaneously react with NO to give the potent peroxynitrite radical [68] or are converted to H2O2.”
Background
Melatonin improves the antioxidant capacity in cardiac tissue of Wistar rats after exhaustive exercise
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“system [45,46] and the overall analysis of CAT and GPx”
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“Des facteurs oxiques tels que l’exposition au tabac ou à la cocaïne ainsi ue des facteurs nutritionnels tels que la carence en vitaine C et E participent à la rupture en favorisant le stress xydatif [31,32].”
Background
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“In vivo, nitric oxide (NO) and O2 can react through a diffusion-controlled reaction and produce ONOO (scheme 2) (Beckman et al. 1990; Pryor and Squadrito 1995).”
Background
Données actuelles sur la toxicité de l’oxygèneCurrent data on the toxicity of oxygen.
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Potential Benefits of Peroxynitrite
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Adenovirus-Mediated eNOS Expression Augments Liver Injury after Ischemia/Reperfusion in Mice
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“Peroxynitrite is formed in tissue by NO and superoxide anion [33], and is responsible for tissue damage by NO through nitration eNOS Expression Increases Liver I/R Injury”
Background
Effect of aqueous extracts of black and green teas in arsenic‐induced toxicity in rabbits
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Inhibition of GTP binding to Rac2 by peroxynitrite: potential role for tyrosine modification
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Combined Ascorbic Acid and Sodium Nitrite Treatment Induces Oxidative DNA Damage-Associated Mutagenicity In Vitro, but Lacks Initiation Activity in Rat Forestomach Epithelium
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“It is generally accepted that excessive NO reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, which has been shown to activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and deplete cellular contents of NADþ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and ATP, resulting in necrotic cell death (Pryor and Squadrito, 1995; Virag et al., 2003).”
Background

Authors: Pryor, W. A., & Squadrito, G. L.
Affiliations: Louisiana State University (US)
Venue: American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1995-05-01
Volume: 268
Issue: 5
Pages: L699-L722
ISSN: 1040-0605 (ISSN-L)
1522-1504
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.5.l699
OpenAlex: W2209831038
Cited by: 1,511
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 52.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Keywords: peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, superoxide, peroxynitrous acid, nitrate formation, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide scavenging, single electron transfer, two-electron oxidation, peroxynitrite decomposition, hydroxyl radical scavengers, nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide signaling
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hydroxylation, Methionine, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitroso Compounds, Oxidation-Reduction, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Superoxides, Viscosity

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The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide

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