Creatine Supplementation Associated or Not with Strength Training upon Emotional and Cognitive Measures in Older Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Study
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PURPOSE: To assess the effects of creatine supplementation, associated or not with strength training, upon emotional and cognitive measures in older woman. METHODS: This is a 24-week, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The individuals were randomly allocated into one of the following groups (n=14 each): 1) placebo, 2) creatine supplementation, 3) placebo associated with strength training or 4) creatine supplementation associated with strength training. According to their allocation, the participants were given creatine (4 x 5 g/d for 5 days followed by 5 g/d) or placebo (dextrose at the same dosage) and were strength trained or not. Cognitive function, assessed by a comprehensive battery of tests involving memory, selective attention, and inhibitory control, and emotional measures, assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale, were evaluated at baseline, after 12 and 24 weeks of the intervention. Muscle strength and food intake were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks. RESULTS: After the 24-week intervention, both training groups (ingesting creatine supplementation and placebo) had significant reductions on the Geriatric Depression Scale scores when compared with the non-trained placebo group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively) and the non-trained creatine group (p < 0.001 for both comparison). However, no significant differences were observed between the non-trained placebo and creatine (p = 0.60) groups, or between the trained placebo and creatine groups (p = 0.83). Both trained groups, irrespective of creatine supplementation, had better muscle strength performance than the non-trained groups. Neither strength training nor creatine supplementation altered any parameter of cognitive performance. Food intake remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Creatine supplementation did not promote any significant change in cognitive function and emotional parameters in apparently healthy older individuals. In addition, strength training per se improved emotional state and muscle strength, but not cognition, with no additive effects of creatine supplementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01164020.
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Our negative finding for the trail-making task is in line with two studies.
“Our negative finding for the trail-making task, which tests task switching, is in line with the same two studies [21, 61].”
From The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance—a randomised controlled study (2023) · cites this paper as [61]
Other studies with omnivore participants or unspecified and presumably omnivore participants failed to find a creatine effect.
“while other studies with omnivore participants [21, 59, 60] or unspecified and presumably omnivore participants [61] failed to find a creatine effect2,3”
From The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance—a randomised controlled study (2023) · cites this paper as [61]
In three further studies testing BDS in populations different from healthy young adults (two healthy elderly, one sleep-deprived), there was no creatine effect.
“Three further studies tested the effect of creatine supplementation on BDS in a different population than healthy young adults. In two of these studies, participants were healthy and elderly [55, 61] and in one study sleep-deprived [64]. In these three studies, there was no creatine effect.”
From The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance—a randomised controlled study (2023) · cites this paper as [61]
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- Authors
- Alves, C. R. R., Merege Filho, C. A. A., Benatti, F. B., Brucki, S., Pereira, R. M. R., de Sá Pinto, A. L., Lima, F. R., Roschel, H., & Gualano, B.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Gualano, Bruno
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-10-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e76301
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3789718
- OpenAlex
- W2072529815
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Keywords
- creatine supplementation, resistance training, older women, cognitive function, emotional state, depression, muscle strength, dietary intake, memory, selective attention, inhibitory control
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition, Creatine, Diet, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Treatment Outcome, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training, Medication Adherence, Self Report
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