Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion
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Ekblom et al. demonstrated strong linear relationships between changes in hemoglobin and aerobic capacity.
“The experiments of Ekblom et al. (124) in 1972 (Fig. 4) demonstrated strong linear relationships between changes in hemoglobin [due to withdrawal or retransfusion of 1, 2 or 3 U (400 mL) of blood] and aerobic capacity, established by repeated testing of maximal exercise-induced oxygen consumption before and after each procedure (124).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [124]
An 11% increase in circulating hemoglobin translates to a 10% difference in maximal oxygen transfer, which may account for virtually all the 12% sex difference in male and female circulating hemoglobin.
“An 11% increase in circulating hemoglobin translates to a 10% difference in maximal oxygen transfer (124), which may account for virtually all the 12% sex difference in male and female circulating hemoglobin (125).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [124]
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Levine, B. D., & Stray‐Gundersen, J. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.102 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
“However, probably the most important adaptation that would improve sea-level performance is an increase in red blood cell mass (43), which increases the oxygencarrying capacity of the blood and improves aerobic power (9, 16, 20).”
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“…be true as V̇O2,max is easily altered by manipulations that increase ((Ekblom et al. 1972; Buick et al. 1980; Ekblom & Berglund, 1991) or decrease (Ekblom et al. 1972; Jilka et al. 1988; Pawelczyk et al. 1992; Levine et al. 1996) peripheral oxygen delivery without altering arterial PO2 ; and the…”
BackgroundInfluentialIron deficiency anemia and the productivity of adult males in Indonesia
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SECONDARY AMENORRHŒA IN ATHLETES
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“In a landmark study (although uncontrolled), Ekblom et al.[73] showed that blood doping increased V .”
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“…the clearest link to improved sea-level performance is an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit, which increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and improves aerobic power (Ekblom et al., 1972; Buick et al., 1980; Williams et al., 1981; Ekblom and Berglund, 1991; Birkeland et al., 2000).”
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“This value is similar to that observed in previous studies working with the reinfusion of RBC (5-7, 13).”
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“This increase in arterial oxygen content leads to an increase in maximal oxygen uptake in well-trained athletes (9,10,19).”
BackgroundImportance of hemoglobin concentration to exercise: Acute manipulations
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“Ekblom et al. (1972), on the other hand, showed a 9 and 23% increase of V̇O2max and endurance time, respectively, after increasing hemoglobin by 13% by re-infusion of 800–1200 ml of the subjects’ own blood that was withdrawn 4 weeks before the experiment.”
InfluentialNutritional status and physical work capacity
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“VBlood and related measures have featured, in studies of relationships between exercise and aging (24), changes in VBlood, VPlasma, and VRBC with bed rest (90, 104, 108) and spaceflight (1), and, among chronic exercisers (136), changes in cardiac function with training-induced hypervolemia (134) and body fluid redistr…”
Human llamas: adaptation to altitude in subjects with high hemoglobin oxygen affinity.
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“Nevertheless, the V02 max determinations seem to indicate a deficiency for high affinity subjects at low altitude, which is unlikely to have been due to hyperviscosity (31, 32).”
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“Studies in anaemic and polycythaemic patients as in animals show that Q is drastically altered with large changes in RBC count and thus total [Hb] (Richardson & Guyton, 1959; Roy et al. 1963; Ekblom et al. 1972; Gustafsson et al. 1980; Lindendeld et al. 1985; Krantz et al. 2005).”
BackgroundIntermittent Hypoxia Improves Endurance Performance and Submaximal Exercise Efficiency
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“Conversely, when the CaO2 is reduced by isovolemic hemodilution (14, 22), hypoxia (5), or carbon monoxide administration (15), peak O2 uptake (V̇O2 peak) is lower.”
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“Thus, when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is increased in elite athletes, either by acute red blood cell infusion (5, 10, 37) or by chronic administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (3, 4), V̇O2 max increases.”
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“…athletes (and also in normal humans), aerobic power and time trial performance correlate well with the individuals’ normal haemoglobin mass (Figure 2C and E), but not with Htc (Figure 2D and F), whereas increases in either value will increase performance (Ekblom et al., 1972; 1976) (Figure 1).”
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Recombinant Erythropoietin to Improve Athletic Performance
Adamson, J. W., & Vapnek, D. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199103073241014 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Proscribed drugs at the Olympic Games: permitted use and misuse (doping) by athletes
Fitch, K. D. (2012) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-257 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Blood Transfusion and Athletics
Klein, H. G. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198503283121311 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Burnley, M., Roberts, C. L., Thatcher, R., Doust, J. H., & JONES, A. M. (2006) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032805 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and therefore the potential for convective O2 transport to muscle either through the (re)infusion of erythrocytes (Ekblom et al. 1972, 1976; Spriet et al. 1986) or through the administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (RhEPO; Ekblom & Berglund, 1991;…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Impact of Recombinant Human Erythropoeitin on Exercise Capacity in Hemodialysis Patients
Painter, P., & Moore, G. E. (1994) · Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy · doi:10.1016/s1073-4449(12)80022-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Oxygen tension and content in the regulation of limb blood flow
Calbet, J. A. L. (2000) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00698.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Time Trial Performance Is Sensitive to Low-Volume Autologous Blood Transfusion
Bejder, J., Andersen, A. B., Solheim, S. A., Gybel‐Brask, M., Secher, N. H., Johansson, P. I., & Nordsborg, N. B. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001837 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cardiorespiratory adjustments to tethered-swimming in the horse
THOMAS, D. P., Fregin, F. G., Gerber, N. H., et al. (1980) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00583916 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ekblom, B. T. (2000) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1053/beem.2000.0056 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Ekblom, B., Goldbarg, A. N., & Gullbring, B.
- ORCID
- Ekblom, B
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1972-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-180
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2144408971
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Blood transfusion and management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation
- Keywords
- exercise response, blood loss, blood reinfusion, blood transfusion, exercise physiology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Transfusion, Physical Exertion, Heart Rate, Hemoglobins, Humans, Lactates, Male, Motor Activity, Oxygen Consumption, Respiration, Spirometry, Time Factors
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