Cited by 339Biomedical and Chemical ResearchCardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysiological and biochemical adaptations

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One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-circuit VO2 measuring systems

Fedak, M. A., Rome, L., Seeherman, H. J.·1981·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.3.772

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Abstract

A simple one-step procedure that eliminates the need to calibrate the O2 analyzer or measure the flow past the animal is described for calibrating an open-flow respirometry system. The technique is particularly useful for situations of high ambient humidity and for large or active animals where a mask is employed to capture expired gases. A measured N2 flow is used to calibrate the system. The equations describing the technique are given, and the accuracy of the method is discussed in detail. The errors associated with the technique are compared with those of more conventional procedures and are usually smaller.

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Items 201–300 of 339

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“The accuracy of the respirometry system was determined by simultaneous N2- and CO2-dilution tests (Fedak et al. 1981, Fahlman et al. 2005), and showed that the difference between the observed and expected values were within 4%.”
Method
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Method
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“The error of the respirometry system, determined by dilution tests (Fedak et al. 1981), was 3%.”
Method
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Method
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“%) across all speeds was determined using a N2 dilution test (Fedak et al., 1981).”
Method
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“The flow-measuring system was calibrated by using a nitrogen dilution technique (10).”
Method
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“Oxygen consumption and Vco2 were measured by use of an O2 and CO 2 analyzer, and gas calibration was carried out by use of the N 2 -dilution/CO 2 -addition mass-balance technique.(14) Gas analyzer and mass flowmeter outputs were also recorded on personal computers.”
Method
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Method
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“The accuracy of the set up (±5% across all treadmill speeds) was validated using a N2 injection test (Fedak et al., 1981).”
Method
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Mukai, K., Hiraga, A., Takahashi, T., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.78.2.215 · Cited by 13
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“The system was calibrated before and after a measurement period by bleeding N z into the respirometer at a known rate (Fedak et al. 1981).”
Method
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“The system was calibrated using the nitrogen dilution technique and oxygen consumption was calculated with equation 11b in Fedak et al. (1981).”
Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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“The setup was tested for leaks using nitrogen leak tests [63].”
Method
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“Japan), and calibrations were performed to calculate the rates of O 2 consumption and CO 2 production via electronic mass flow meters (CR-300, Kofloc, Kyoto, Japan) and using the N 2 - dilution/CO 2 - addition mass-balance technique (Fedak et al., 1981).”
Method
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Acute exercise in a hot environment increases heat shock protein 70 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α mRNA in Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle
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“Oxygen and CO2 concentrations were measured by an O2 and CO2 analyzer (MG-360, Vise Medical, Chiba, Japan), and calibrations were performed to calculate rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production with electronic mass flow meters (CR-300, Kofloc, Kyoto, Japan) using the N2dilution/CO2-addition mass-balance technique (3…”
Method
Short‐term hypoxic training increases monocarboxylate transporter 4 and phosphofructokinase activity in Thoroughbreds
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Comparative Energetics and Mechanics of Locomotion
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Description and Validation of Flow-Through Chambers of Respirometry for Measuring Gas Exchange in Animal Trials
Lizana, R. R., Camargos, R. D. S., Silva, R. L., et al. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13162675 · Cited by 6
“The observed variations in the delay to reach the target tinj among the chambers can be attributed to differences in the accuracy of filling the non-diffusion bag used in the assays [12].”
Method
Testing the form-function paradigm: body shape correlates with kinematics but not energetics in selectively-bred birds
Cross, S. R. R., Marmol-Guijarro, A. C., Bates, K. T., Marrin, J. C., Tickle, P. G., Rose, K. A. R., & Codd, J. R. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06592-w · Cited by 5
“We performed an N 2 dilution test 68 to test the respirometry system accuracy (±5% across all treadmill speeds).”
Method
Comparison of Fick and thermodilution cardiac output determinations in standing horses
Lépiz, M., Keegan, R. D., Bayly, W. M., Greene, S. A., & McEwen, M.-M. (2008) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.013 · Cited by 7
Thermoregulation on the air–water interface—II: Foot conductance, activity metabolism and a two-dimensional heat transfer model
Sant, M. J. V., & Bakken, G. S. (2006) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.05.002 · Cited by 6
Cardiopulmonary function during supramaximal exercise in hypoxia, normoxia and hyperoxia in Thoroughbred horses
Ohmura, H., Mukai, K., Matsui, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Equine Science · doi:10.1294/jes.31.67 · Cited by 6
“Oxygen consumption was measured with the N2-dilution technique [4] as modified for use in semiopen-flow systems in which the inspired O2 concentration is not 20.”
Method
Multiple propane gas burn rates procedure to determine accuracy and linearity of indirect calorimetry systems: an experimental assessment of a method
Ismail, M., Alsubheen, S., Loucks‐Atkinson, A., et al. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13882 · Cited by 6
Locomotor development in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea)
Lees, J. J., Stokkan, K., Folkow, L. P., et al. (2011) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1131-x · Cited by 6
“The CoL can be easily quantified using respirometry; a technique by which oxygen consumption ( _VO2 ) and carbon dioxide production ( _VCO2 ) are employed to calculate energy expenditure.”
Differences in metabolic costs of terrestrial mobility in two closely related species of albatross
Kabat, A. P., Phillips, R. A., Croxall, J. P., et al. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.001230 · Cited by 6
“Nitrogen dilution tests (Fedak et al., 1981) showed that the accuracy of the system was within 2%, and the 99% wash-out time was calculated to be 10.4·min using the formula described by Lasiewski et al. (Lasiewski et al., 1966).”
MethodInfluential
Validation of a propane gas calibration device for indirect calorimetric systems
Ismail, M. A. (2017) · Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University) · Cited by 6
Energy efficiency of grazing Hereford heifers classified by paternal residual feed intake
Marín, M. F., Naya, H., Espasandin, A. C., et al. (2024) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txae005 · Cited by 5
“Oxygen consumption was measured using a face mask open-circuit respiratory system (Fedak et al., 1981), and a paramagnetic O 2 analyzer model Servopro 1,440 (Servomex, Crowborough, East Sussex, UK) to determine O 2 concentration.”
Method
Neither season nor sex affects the cost of terrestrial locomotion in a circumpolar diving duck: the common eider (Somateria mollissima)
Rose, K. A. R., Tickle, P. G., Lees, J. J., Stokkan, K. ‐., & Codd, J. R. (2014) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-014-1488-8 · Cited by 5
“The accuracy of the respirometry set-up (±2 % across all treadmill speeds) was validated using a N2 injection test (Fedak et al. 1981).”
Hypoxia and CO alter O2 extraction but not peripheral diffusing capacity during maximal aerobic exercise
Crocker, G. H., & Jones, J. H. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2799-0 · Cited by 5
“Each goat wore a gas-tight mask connected to an indirect calorimeter that was used to calculate O2 consumption and cO2 production by mass balance, as described previously (crocker et al. 2013; Fedak et al. 1981; Seeherman et al. 1981).”
Method
Subsurface swimming and stationary diving are metabolically cheap in adult Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)
Borque‐Espinosa, A., Rode, K. D., Ferrero‐Fernández, D., Forte, A., Capaccioni-Azzati, R., & Fahlman, A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.242993 · Cited by 5
Relationship of insulin sensitivity to aerobic capacity in Standardbred mares and geldings
Pratt-Phillips, S. E., Geor, R., & McCutcheon, L. J. (2005) · Equine and comparative exercise physiology · doi:10.1079/ecp200550 · Cited by 5
Animal galloping and human hopping: an energetics and biomechanics laboratory exercise
Lindstedt, S. L., Mineo, P. M., & Schaeffer, P. J. (2013) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00045.2013 · Cited by 5
A comparison of locomotor performance of the semiarboreal Pacific marten (Martescaurina) and semiaquatic mustelids
Flaherty, E. A., Ben-David, M. A., & Pauli, J. N. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0150 · Cited by 5

Authors: Fedak, M. A., Rome, L., & Seeherman, H. J.
ORCID: Fedak, M. A.
Rome, L.
Seeherman, H. J.
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1981-09-01
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 772-776
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.3.772
OpenAlex: W2153755066
Cited by: 337
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 0.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biomedical and Chemical Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
Keywords: nitrogen dilution, high humidity, measurement error, respiratory gas analysis
MeSH terms: Animals, Dogs, Humidity, Mathematics, Methods, Nitrogen, Oxygen Consumption

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One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-circuit VO2 measuring systems

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