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One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-circuit VO2 measuring systems
Abstract
A simple one-step procedure that eliminates the need to calibrate the O2 analyzer or measure the flow past the animal is described for calibrating an open-flow respirometry system. The technique is particularly useful for situations of high ambient humidity and for large or active animals where a mask is employed to capture expired gases. A measured N2 flow is used to calibrate the system. The equations describing the technique are given, and the accuracy of the method is discussed in detail. The errors associated with the technique are compared with those of more conventional procedures and are usually smaller.
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“The accuracy of the system (± 4%) was validated by N2 dilution tests45.”
From The peacock train does not handicap cursorial locomotor performance (2016) · cites this paper as [45]
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Items 301–339 of 339
Energy efficiency, reproductive performance, and metabolic parameters of grazing Hereford heifers
Marín, M. F., Naya, H., Espasandin, A. C., et al. (2023) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105389 · Cited by 4
McKnight, J. C., Pass, C., Thompson, D., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.1441 · Cited by 4
“Oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) (i.e. the total amount of oxygen consumed over a dive cycle (l)) was calculated using the following equation [19]: Thermistor: Allows measurement of ambient water temperature 1.”
Talmón, D., Jasinsky, A., Marin, F., et al. (2025) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-25756 · Cited by 4
Recovery from Swimming‐Induced Hypothermia in King Penguins: Effects of Nutritional Condition
Halsey, L. G., Handrich, Y., Rey, B., et al. (2008) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/589546 · Cited by 4
“The accuracy of the respirometry system was determined by dilution tests (Fedak et al. 1981) using both N2 and CO2, and this showed that the difference between the observed and expected values was within 3%.”
MethodMukai, K., Ohmura, H., Takahashi, Y., Kitaoka, Y., & Takahashi, T. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14760 · Cited by 4
Measuring and Predicting Total Energy Expenditure Among Highly Active Humans in Natural Environments
Ocobock, C. J. (2014) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7mw2f4q · Cited by 4
Ohmura, H., Mukai, K., Takahashi, T., Aida, H., & Jones, J. H. (2017) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.78.3.340 · Cited by 5
Birks, E. K., Ohmura, H., & Jones, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Equine Science · doi:10.1294/jes.30.87 · Cited by 4
“are theoretically sufficiently general to be applied to any combination of inspired O2 and N2, to our knowledge the use of this technique to determine V̇O2 under conditions of altered FIO2 has never been rigorously evaluated to validate its accuracy [7].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUncoupling the correlates of locomotor costs: A factorial approach
Myers, M. J., Steudel, K. L., & White, S. C. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Zoology · doi:10.1002/jez.1402650303 · Cited by 4
Kram, R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.062778 · Cited by 3
“The smaller animals were enclosed in respirometry chambers that fitted over the treadmills whereas the larger beasts wore loose-fitting face masks from which the expired air was captured using the open flow method of respirometry recently perfected by Taylor’s group (Fedak et al., 1981).”
MethodIs ventilation during maximal exercise limited by dynamic airway closure?
Seiji, H. O. B. O., Hiraga, A., Birks, E. K., et al. (1999) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05185.x · Cited by 3
Metabolic and thermoregulatory capabilities of juvenile steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus
Hoopes, L. A. (2009) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 3
The metabolic cost of walking on an incline in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus)
Wilkinson, H. N., Thavarajah, N. K., & Codd, J. R. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.987 · Cited by 2
Advanced hemodynamic monitoring
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Bellenger, S., Davie, A. J., EVANS, D. L., et al. (1995) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04888.x · Cited by 2
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Transcriptomic responses of equine skeletal muscle to acute exercise in a hot environment
Takahashi, K., Shirai, T., Mukai, K., Ebisuda, Y., Sugiyama, F., Yoshida, T., & Kitaoka, Y. (2025) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00200.2024 · Cited by 1
Takahashi, K., Mukai, K., Takahashi, Y., Ebisuda, Y., Sugiyama, F., Hatta, H., & Kitaoka, Y. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.250956 · Cited by 1
Mukai, K., Takahashi, Y., Ebisuda, Y., Sugiyama, F., Yoshida, T., & Miyata, H. (2026) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70785 · Cited by 1
“Gas concentrations were measured with O 2 and CO 2 analyzers (O 2 : FC-10, Sable Systems International, NV; CO 2 : MG-360, Vise Medical), calibrated with mass flow meters (CR-300, Kofloc, Kyoto, Japan) using the N 2 - dilution/CO 2 - addition mass-balance technique (Fedak et al., 1981).”
Ebisuda, Y., Kitaoka, Y., Takahashi, Y., Sugiyama, F., Yoshida, T., & Mukai, K. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00284.2025 · Cited by 1
Testing Refrigeration Trucks for the Emergency Evacuation of Companion Animals
Langman, V. A., Ellifrit, N., Sime, D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2015.1042153 · Cited by 1
I. METABOLIC COST OF GENERATING FORCE
Roberts, T. J., Kram, R., Weyand, P. G., et al. (1998) · Cited by 1
Calibration of respiratory gas exchange measurements in inhalation toxicology studies
Mautz, W. J. (1992) · Fundamental and Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0272-0590(92)90207-x · Cited by 1
Validation of a new method of determining cardiac output in neonatal foals
Corley, K. T. T. (2001) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Halsey, L. G. (2003) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Arterial blood gas tensions during exercise in neonatal lambs
Entin, P. L., & Rawson, R. E. (1999) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(99)00061-4
Hoopes, L. A., Rea, L. D., Christ, A. M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085339
“[31].”
Effects of a whole-body spandex garment on rectal temperature and oxygen consumption in healthy dogs
Reimer, S. B., Schulz, K. S., Mason, D. R., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2004.224.71
Fahlman, A., Schmidt, A. R., Handrich, Y., et al. (2005)
Rubenson, J., Farrell, T., Heliams, D. B., et al. (2001) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)
Investigations of the Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission: A Focus on Adaptive Thermogenesis
Corley, B. (2019) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Gómez, J., Casal, A., Carmo, M. D., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1112183/v1
“Oxygen consumption was measured using a facemask open-circuit respiratory system (Fedak et al., 1981), with a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer (SERVOPRO 1440, Crowborough, East Sussex, United Kingdom).”
MethodSuzuki, I., Niizuma, Y., Inamori, D., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.633296
Accumulation of CO2 limits energy gain in freely diving grey seals
Bønnelycke, E. S., Kershaw, J. L., Hastie, G. D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.251718
Metabolic costs of submerged activity in three species of Arctic seals
Meranda, M., Thometz, N. M., Rosen, D. A. S., et al. (2026) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coag017
Metadata
- Authors
- Fedak, M. A., Rome, L., & Seeherman, H. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1981-09-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 772-776
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2153755066
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Keywords
- nitrogen dilution, high humidity, measurement error, respiratory gas analysis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dogs, Humidity, Mathematics, Methods, Nitrogen, Oxygen Consumption
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