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One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-circuit VO2 measuring systems
Abstract
A simple one-step procedure that eliminates the need to calibrate the O2 analyzer or measure the flow past the animal is described for calibrating an open-flow respirometry system. The technique is particularly useful for situations of high ambient humidity and for large or active animals where a mask is employed to capture expired gases. A measured N2 flow is used to calibrate the system. The equations describing the technique are given, and the accuracy of the method is discussed in detail. The errors associated with the technique are compared with those of more conventional procedures and are usually smaller.
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“The accuracy of the system (± 4%) was validated by N2 dilution tests45.”
From The peacock train does not handicap cursorial locomotor performance (2016) · cites this paper as [45]
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Heart rate as an indicator of oxygen consumption: influence of body condition in the king penguin
Froget, G., Butler, P. J., Handrich, Y., & WOAKES, A. J. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.204.12.2133 · Cited by 56
Effects of fat adaptation on glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during low‐intensity exercise
Pagan, J. D., Geor, R. J., Harris, P. A., et al. (2002) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05388.x · Cited by 55
Aharoni, Y., Brosh, A., & Harari, Y. (2004) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.08.013 · Cited by 55
Estimating field metabolic rates of pinnipeds: doubly labelled water gets the seal of approval
Sparling, C. E., Thompson, D., Fedak, M. A., et al. (2007) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01368.x · Cited by 54
Self-citationMcCutcheon, L. J., Geor, R. J., & Hinchcliff, K. W. (2002) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05418.x · Cited by 53
Bundle, M. W., Hansen, K. S., & Dial, K. P. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02727 · Cited by 52
“The oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers were calibrated daily with measured flow rates (Brooks, 1054A3A) of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and the volumes of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were calculated in accordance with Fedak et al. (Fedak et al., 1981).”
MethodRosen, D. A. S., & Trites, A. W. (2002) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00048-9 · Cited by 54
“Gas concentration readings were baselined against ambient air concentrations before and after each trial, and the entire system was recalibrated through the course of the experiments using gases of known concentrations and a standard nitrogen dilution technique(Fedak et al., 1981).”
MethodHeat loss from deer mice (Peromyscus): evaluation of seasonal limits to thermoregulation
Conley, K. E., & Porter, W. P. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.126.1.249 · Cited by 54
Metabolic Effects of Low‐Energy Diet on Steller Sea Lions,Eumetopias jubatus
Rosen, D. A. S., & Trites, A. W. (1999) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/316705 · Cited by 54
“O = 20.12 Gas concentration readings were baselined against ambient air concentrations every 2 h during the HIF trials, and the entire system was recalibrated through the course of the experiments using gases of known concentrations and a standard nitrogen dilution technique (Fedak et al. 1981).”
MethodInfluentialEnergetic and kinematic consequences of weighting the distal limb
Wickler, S. J., Hoyt, D. F., Clayton, H. M., et al. (2004) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.2746/0425164044848046 · Cited by 53
“Flow was monitored continuously using a differential pressure transducer (Smart Gauge)3 and calibrated daily using the one-step nitrogen dilution technique (Fedak et al. 1981).”
MethodFahlman, A., Schmidt, A., Handrich, Y., WOAKES, A. J., & Butler, P. J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00130.2005 · Cited by 53
“The accuracy of both respirometry systems was determined by simultaneous N2-dilution and CO2-addition tests (19), and these showed that the difference between the observed and expected values were within 4% for both the treadmill and the water channel respirometry systems, confirming that the systems were properly sea…”
MethodKaras, R. H., Taylor, C. R., Rösler, K. M., et al. (1987) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(87)90101-0 · Cited by 53
Training‐induced alterations in glucose metabolism during moderate‐intensity exercise
Geor, R. J., McCutcheon, L. J., Hinchcliff, K. W., & Sams, R. A. (2002) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05386.x · Cited by 52
V˙ o 2 kinetics in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise
Langsetmo, I., Weigle, G. E., Fedde, M. R., et al. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1235 · Cited by 52
“Calculation of flow was verified by use of a modified N2-dilution technique (12).”
MethodJones, T. T., Hastings, M. D., Bostrom, B. L., et al. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.029330 · Cited by 50
“The open-flow respirometer was calibrated using the nitrogen dilution technique (Fedak et al., 1981).”
Methodβ-Adrenergic blockade augments glucose utilization in horses during graded exercise
Geor, R. J., Hinchcliff, K. W., & Sams, R. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.1086 · Cited by 49
Endocrine response to exercise in young and old horses
McKeever, K. H., & Malinowski, K. (1999) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05284.x · Cited by 51
Williams, T. M., Ben-David, M. A., Noren, S. R., Rutishauser, M., McDonald, K., & Heyward, W. O. (2002) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00136-8 · Cited by 49
“These values were converted to using equations modifiedV̇O2 from Fedak et al.(1981) and Withers (1977) assuming a respiratory quotient of 0.77.”
MethodInfluentialHydration effects on physiological strain of horses during exercise-heat stress
Geor, R. J., & McCutcheon, L. J. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2042 · Cited by 48
“A differential pressure transducer (Validyne, Northbridge, CA) was used to monitor flow rate, and the system was calibrated before and after each experiment by use of the nitrogen-dilution technique (10).”
MethodEpinephrine inhibits exogenous glucose utilization in exercising horses
Geor, R. J., Hinchcliff, K. W., McCutcheon, L. J., & Sams, R. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1777 · Cited by 48
“The overall accuracy of the system was verified repeatedly by the nitrogen dilution method (10).”
MethodMetabolic rates and thermal conductance in four species of neotropical bats roosting in hot caves
Rodríguez‐Durán, A. (1995) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/0300-9629(94)00174-r · Cited by 48
Brosh, A., Aharoni, Y., & Holzer, Z. (2002) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(02)00033-7 · Cited by 48
Effect of fasting on the V o 2-fhrelationship in king penguins,Aptenodytes patagonicus
Fahlman, A., Handrich, Y., Woakes, A. J., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00651.2003 · Cited by 48
“The accuracy of the system was determined by N2-dilution tests (14), where N2 and CO2 were used as the dilution gas.”
MethodFlaherty, E. A., Ben-David, M. A., & Smith, W. P. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-010-0470-1 · Cited by 49
“The oxygen analyzer was calibrated before every run using atmospheric air, and several times a week, the entire system was tested for leaks by infusion of nitrogen gas (Fedak et al. 1981).”
MethodInfluentialBrosh, A., Aharoni, Y., Shargal, E., et al. (2004) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.03.008 · Cited by 47
Thermal Ecology and Ecological Energetics of California Spotted Owls
Weathers, W. W., Hodum, P. J., & Blakesley, J. A. (2001) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0678:teaeeo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 47
“We determined the fractional concentration of O2 in inlet and outlet chamber air (both dry and CO2-free) with an Applied Electrochemistry S3A oxygen analyzer (Sunnyvale, California; calibrated using N2-dilution, Fedak et al. 1981), and calculated VO2 with equation 2 of Hill (1974).”
MethodRutishauser, M., da Costa, D. P., Goebel, M. E., & Williams, T. M. (2004) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/421749 · Cited by 46
“Before each trial, the system was calibrated and checked for leaks using the nitrogen dilution technique (Fedak et al. 1981).”
MethodThermoregulation of Weaned Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) Pups in Air and Water
Noren, D. P. (2002) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/342254 · Cited by 46
“The accuracy of the respirometry system was assessed using the gas-dilution method from Fedak et al. (1981).”
MethodRespirometry: Anhydrous Drierite Equilibrates with Carbon Dioxide and Increases Washout Times
White, C. R., Portugal, S. J., Martin, G. R., et al. (2006) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/505994 · Cited by 45
“Articles on standard respirometry (Depocas and Hart 1957; Withers 1977, 2001; Fedak et al. 1981; Frappell et al. 1989; Koteja 1996) make no mention of this problem and therefore provide no solution.”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of oiling on exercise physiology and diving behavior of river otters: a captive study
Ben-David, M., Williams, T. M., & Ormseth, O. A. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z00-059 · Cited by 47
“The entire system was calibrated daily with dry ambient air (20.94% O2) and nitrogen gas (100% N2), using the nitrogen-dilution techniques of Fedak et al. (1981).”
MethodInfluentialEnergetic costs of aquatic locomotion in a subadult polar bear
Pagano, A. M., Cutting, A., Nicassio‐Hiskey, N., et al. (2018) · Marine Mammal Science · doi:10.1111/mms.12556 · Cited by 44
Increased capacity for circulatory fatty acid transport in a highly aerobic mammal
McClelland, G. B., Zwingelstein, G., Taylor, C. R., & Weber, J. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.4.r1280 · Cited by 44
Capillarity and Mitochondrial Distribution in Rat Myocardium Following Exercise Training
Kayar, S. R., Conley, K. E., Claassen, H., & Hoppeler, H. H. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.120.1.189 · Cited by 44
Energy Metabolism and Thermoregulation in Juvenile Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Air
Hansen, S., Lavigne, D. M., & Innes, S. (1995) · Physiological Zoology · doi:10.1086/physzool.68.2.30166505 · Cited by 43
COST OF TRANSPORT IN STELLER SEA LIONS, EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS
Rosen, D. A. S., & Trites, A. W. (2002) · Marine Mammal Science · doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01052.x · Cited by 42
The metabolic cost of communicative sound production in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Noren, D. P., Holt, M. M., Dunkin, R. C., & Williams, T. M. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.083212 · Cited by 42
“The system was checked for leaks and the lag time was determined using the N2 dilution method (Fedak et al., 1981) twice weekly.”
MethodWarner, K. L., Randolph, J. F., Sunvold, G. D., & Vickers, J. R. (2012) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.7.1002 · Cited by 41
Schaeffer, P. J., Villarin, J. J., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2003) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/378916 · Cited by 41
“The O2 system was calibrated after every second or third run using the N2 dilution method of Fedak et al. (1981).”
BackgroundMethodAharoni, Y., Brosh, A., Kourilov, P., et al. (2002) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(02)00147-1 · Cited by 41
Muscular and metabolic responses to moderate‐intensity short‐term training
GEOF, R. J., McCutcheon, L. J., & Shen, H. M. (1999) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05240.x · Cited by 39
Effects of Air and Water Temperatures on Resting Metabolism of Auklets and Other Diving Birds
Richman, S. E., & Lovvorn, J. R. (2011) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/660008 · Cited by 40
Castillo, E. R., Lieberman, G. M., McCarty, L. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00119.2014 · Cited by 40
Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses
Nieto, J. E., Snyder, J. R., Vatistas, N. J., & Jones, J. H. (2009) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.6.787 · Cited by 43
Gas Exchange During Hovering Flight in a Nectar-Feeding Bat Glossophaga Soricina
Winter, Y., Voigt, C. C., & von Helversen, O. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.201.2.237 · Cited by 40
Costs of diving by wing and foot propulsion in a sea duck, the white-winged scoter
Richman, S. E., & Lovvorn, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-007-0225-9 · Cited by 39
“The entire respirometry system was tested for leaks by the nitrogen dilution technique described by Fedak et al. (1981) at least once per week during experiments.”
MethodHeart rate and rate of oxygen consumption during flight of the barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis
Butler, P. J., WOAKES, A. J., Bevan, R. M., et al. (2000) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00221-x · Cited by 39
Maximum Running Speed of Captive Bar-Headed Geese Is Unaffected by Severe Hypoxia
Hawkes, L. A., Butler, P. J., Frappell, P. B., Meir, J. U., Milsom, W. K., Scott, G. R., & Bishop, C. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094015 · Cited by 38
“zeroed and calibrated before and after each experiment using O2 free N2, a 5% O2 mix in O2-free N2, and outside air [25].”
MethodEnergy Expenditure in 104 Postoperative and Traumatically Injured Dogs with Indirect Calorimetry
Walton, R. S., Wingfield, W. E., Ogilvie, G. K., Fettman, M. J., & Matteson, V. L. (1996) · Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care · doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.1996.tb00035.x · Cited by 39
Houser, D. S., Crocker, D. E., Tift, M. S., & Champagne, C. D. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00101.2012 · Cited by 37
“The chamber was checked for leaks using nitrogen dilution (15).”
Molting strategies of Arctic seals drive annual patterns in metabolism
Thometz, N. M., Hermann-Sorensen, H., Russell, B., Rosen, D. A. S., & Reichmuth, C. J. (2020) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coaa112 · Cited by 38
Liwanag, H. E. M., WILLIAMS, T. M., da Costa, D. P., et al. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.033282 · Cited by 37
“The entire system was calibrated daily with dry ambient air (20.94% O2) and every 3–4 days with dry span gases (16.0% O2) and N2 gas according to Fedak et al. (Fedak et al., 1981).”
MethodInfluentialMcKeever, K. H., Malinowski, K., Christensen, R. A., et al. (1998) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/s1090-0233(98)80029-4 · Cited by 37
Effect of a warm‐up on energy supply during high intensity exercise in horses
Tyler, C. M., HODGSON, D. R., & ROSE, R. J. (1996) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01602.x · Cited by 36
Geor, R. J., Hinchcliff, K. W., & Sams, R. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1765 · Cited by 38
“The overall accuracy of the system was verified repeatedly by the N2-dilution method (15).”
MethodUnderstanding sex differences in the cost of terrestrial locomotion
Lees, J. J., Nudds, R. L., Folkow, L. P., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1334 · Cited by 35
Asher, A., Shabtay, A., Cohen, M. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skx045 · Cited by 35
Response to Cooling Temperature in Infants Born at an Altitude of 4,330 Meters
Frappell, P. B., Lèon‐Velarde, F., Aguero, L., et al. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9803071 · Cited by 35
Reduced metabolism supports hypoxic flight in the high-flying bar-headed goose (Anser indicus)
Meir, J., York, J. M., Chua, B., Jardine, W., Hawkes, L., & Milsom, W. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.44986 · Cited by 27
“Interestingly, these values are equivalent to the mean minimum arterial PO2 values obtained near the end of dives in elephant seals, and are similar to the range exhibited by diving emperor penguins (Ponganis et al., 2007; Fedak et al., 1981).”
BackgroundThermal Ecology and Ecological Energetics of California Spotted Owls
Weathers, W. W., Hodum, P. J., & Blakesley, J. A. (2001) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/condor/103.4.678 · Cited by 34
Flight muscle catabolism during overnight fasting in a passerine bird, Eremophila alpestris
Swain, S. (1992) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/bf00260767 · Cited by 33
José‐Cunilleras, E. L. V., Hinchcliff, K. W., Lacombe, V. A., Sams, R. A., Kohn, C. W., Taylor, L. E., & Devor, S. T. (2005) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.002 · Cited by 33
Verrier, D., Groscolas, R., Guinet, C., & Arnould, J. P. Y. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90857.2008 · Cited by 33
“Nitrogen dilution tests (36) were used to check for any leaks within the system.”
MethodLiwanag, H. E. M. (2010) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/656426 · Cited by 33
“The entire system was calibrated daily with dry ambient air (20.94% O2) and every 3–4 d with dry span gases (16.0% O2) and N2 gas according to Fedak et al. (1981).”
MethodInfluentialPhysiological responses of young Thoroughbreds during their first year of race training
Ohmura, H., Hiraga, A., MATSUI, A., et al. (2002) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05407.x · Cited by 33
How accurately can we estimate energetic costs in a marine top predator, the king penguin?
Halsey, L. G., Fahlman, A., Handrich, Y., et al. (2007) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.09.001 · Cited by 33
“The measurement error of the respirometry system was within 7 3%, determined by dilution tests (Fedak et al., 1981).”
MethodEstimation of metabolic energy cost and heat production during a 3‐day‐event
Jones, J. H., & Carlson, G. P. (1995) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb05004.x · Cited by 33
Furosemide reduces accumulated oxygen deficit in horses during brief intense exertion
Hinchcliff, K. W., McKeever, K. H., Muir, W. W., et al. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1550 · Cited by 33
McGowan, C. P., Duarte, H. A., Main, J. B., & Biewener, A. A. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01538.2005 · Cited by 30
“Measurements of V̇O2 were collected by using an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system (24) while the animals walked or ran in a clear Plexiglas box (0.”
MethodDoes the application of ground force set the energetic cost of cross-country skiing?
Bellizzi, M. J., King, K. A. D., Cushman, S. K., & Weyand, P. G. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1736 · Cited by 33
“(9), with an energetic equivalent of 20.”
Maloiy, G. M. O., Rugangazi, B. M., & Rowe, M. F. (2009) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00535.x · Cited by 32
Geor, R. J., McCutcheon, L. J., & Hinchcliff, K. W. (2000) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.638 · Cited by 32
The energetics of foraging in large mammals: a comparison of marine and terrestrial predators
Williams, T. M., & Yeates, L. C. (2004) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/j.ics.2004.08.069 · Cited by 31
Quantifying energetic costs and defining energy landscapes experienced by grizzly bears
Carnahan, A. M., van Manen, F. T., Haroldson, M. A., Stenhouse, G. B., & Robbins, C. T. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.241083 · Cited by 36
Interobserver variability in histopathologic subtyping and grading of pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Sørensen, J., Hirsch, F. R., Gazdar, A. F., & Olsen, J. E. (1993) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10 · Cited by 51
Rosen, D. A. S., & Trites, A. W. (2003) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/378140 · Cited by 30
“The accuracy of the system was measured using a nitrogen dilution technique (Fedak et al. 1981).”
MethodAdaptation to Life in the Desert in the Brown Hare (Lepus capensis)
Kronfeld‐Schor, N., & Shkolnik, A. (1996) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1382718 · Cited by 30
Comparative locomotor costs of domestic dogs reveal energetic economy of wolf-like breeds
Bryce, C. M., & Williams, T. M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.144188 · Cited by 30
“All values were corrected to standard temperature and pressure, dry (STPD), and the entire system was calibrated daily with ambient air (20.95%O2 at sea level where trials occurred) and with dry N2 gas to test for chamber mixing and leaks according to Fedak et al. (1981).”
MethodInfluentialO’Neill, M. C. (2012) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22132 · Cited by 28
Automated open flow respirometry in continuous and long-term measurements: design and principles
Tøien, Ø. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01494.2012 · Cited by 28
White, C. R., Martin, G. R., & Butler, P. J. (2008) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-008-0265-9 · Cited by 28
Oxygen Consumption of the Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra in Relation to Water Temperature
Kruuk, H., Balharry, E., & Taylor, P. T. (1994) · Physiological Zoology · doi:10.1086/physzool.67.5.30163888 · Cited by 28
The Effect of Levothyroxine Treatment on Resting Energy Expenditure of Hypothyroid Dogs
Greco, D. S., Rosychuk, R. A. W., Ogilvie, G. K., Harpold, L. M., & Van Liew, C. H. (1998) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb00490.x · Cited by 28
Effects of oral fluid on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise
León, L. A. S., Davie, A. J., HODGSON, D. R., EVANS, D. L., & ROSE, R. J. (1995) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04936.x · Cited by 28
Aerobic activity estimated by exercise vs cold-exposure: Endurance training effects in rats
Conley, K. E., Weibel, E. R., Taylor, C. R., & Hoppeler, H. H. (1985) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(85)90084-2 · Cited by 27
Schaeffer, P. J., Villarin, J. J., Pierotti, D. J., Kelly, D. P., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01703 · Cited by 27
“Treadmill speed was calibrated before every run and the O2 system was calibrated after every second or third run using the N2 dilution method of Fedak et al. (1981).”
MethodMcClelland, G. B., Zwingelstein, G., Taylor, C. R., & Weber, J. (1995) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02538268 · Cited by 26
Willis, R. E., White, C. R., & Merritt, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-010-0533-3 · Cited by 26
“Although not conducted in association with the present study, nitrogen dilution tests (Fedak et al. 1981) previously undertaken with the same system have demonstrated maximum errors of ±4% in estimation of rates of gas exchange (Halsey and White 2010).”
Mazan, M. R., Deveney, E. F., DeWitt, S., et al. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00629.2003 · Cited by 26
“Before the experiment, N2 and then CO2 were bled into the system at 40 and 15 l/min (ATPD), respectively; total flow was held the same as during the experiment (for the average horse, 500 l/min) (15).”
MethodThe high cost of reproduction in sea otters necessitates unique physiological adaptations
Thometz, N. M., Kendall, T. L., Richter, B. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.138891 · Cited by 26
“The oxygen analysis system was calibrated with dry ambient air (20.94% O2) and the system was checked for leaks a minimum of once a month using 100% nitrogen gas (Davis et al., 1985; Fedak et al., 1981).”
MethodInfluentialThe peacock train does not handicap cursorial locomotor performance
Thavarajah, N. K., Tickle, P. G., Nudds, R. L., & Codd, J. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36512 · Cited by 25
Lees, J., Nudds, R., Stokkan, K.-A., Folkow, L., & Codd, J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015490 · Cited by 25
Prinzinger, R., Nagel, B., Bahat, O., et al. (2002) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/bf02465600 · Cited by 24
Basal metabolism of an adult male killer whale (Orcinus orca)
Worthy, G. A. J., Worthy, T. A. M., Yochem, P. K., et al. (2013) · Marine Mammal Science · doi:10.1111/mms.12091 · Cited by 24
“The entire system was validated with N2 gas according to Fedak et al. (1981) where flow rate of N2 ( 1.5”
MethodInfluentialOhmura, H., Matsui, A., Hada, T., et al. (2013) · Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · doi:10.1186/1751-0147-55-59 · Cited by 24
“Oxygen consumption was measured with standard mass-balance techniques [2,3] using an oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzer, 2-m long Nafion drying tube with countercurrent dry gas flow (Drierite (CaSO4)) to remove water from sample gas, and mass flowmeters for measuring nitrogen and carbon dioxide calibration flows using…”
MethodEffects of aerosolized albuterol on physiologic responses to exercise in Standardbreds
Mazan, M. R., & Hoffman, A. M. (2001) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1812 · Cited by 24
Noren, D. P., Holt, M. M., Dunkin, R. C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2017.07.002 · Cited by 23
Baudinette, R. V., Halpern, E. A., & Hinds, D. S. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.174.1.81 · Cited by 23
Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on aerobic metabolic processes in northern elephant seals
Kohin, S., Williams, T. M., & Ortiz, C. L. (1999) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(99)00050-x · Cited by 23
“The accuracy of the respirometry system was checked using a gas dilution method (Fedak et al., 1981; Davis et al., 1985).”
MethodCardiac output measurements using sonomicrometer crystals on the left ventricle at rest and exercise
Pascoe, J. R., Hiraga, A., Seiji, H. O. B. O., et al. (1999) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05206.x · Cited by 23
The Influence of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide on Diving Behaviour of Tufted Ducks,Aythya fuligula
Halsey, L. G., Reed, J. Z., WOAKES, A. J., et al. (2003) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/375658 · Cited by 23
“Leak tests (Fedak et al. 1981) were regularly conducted by bleeding a known amount of N2 at different points into the respirometer to confirm that the calculated decrease in O2 content, according to the rate of airflow through it, equaled the recorded decrease.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fedak, M. A., Rome, L., & Seeherman, H. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1981-09-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 772-776
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2153755066
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Keywords
- nitrogen dilution, high humidity, measurement error, respiratory gas analysis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dogs, Humidity, Mathematics, Methods, Nitrogen, Oxygen Consumption
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