Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in normal adults
Abstract
We examined the ventilatory response to moderate (arterial O2 saturation 80%), sustained, isocapnic hypoxia in 20 young adults. During 25 min of hypoxia, inspiratory minute ventilation (VI) showed an initial brisk increase but then declined to a level intermediate between the initial increase and resting room air VI. The intermediate level of VI was a plateau that did not change significantly when hypoxia was extended up to 1 h. The relation between the amount of initial increase and subsequent decrease in ventilation during constant hypoxia was not random; the magnitude of the eventual decline correlated confidently with the degree of initial hyperventilation. Evaluation of breathing pattern revealed that during constant hypoxia there was little alteration in respiratory timing and that the changes in VI were related to significant alterations in tidal volume and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI). None of the changes was reproduced during a sham control protocol, in which room air was substituted for the period of low fractional concentration of inspired O2. We conclude that ventilatory response to hypoxia in adults is not sustained; it exhibits some biphasic features similar to the neonatal hypoxic response.
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Sustained hyperoxia (>60% oxygen) normally results in pulmonary and ocular toxicity due to oxidative damage to endothelial and epithelial cells.
“Sustained hyperoxia (>60% oxygen) normally results in pulmonary and ocular toxicity due to oxidative damage to endothelial and epithelial cells.”
From Hypoxia signaling in cancer: Implications for therapeutic interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [201]
Long-term respiratory hyperoxia may have adverse effects on multiple organ systems exposed to O2 > 60%.
“However, long‐term respiratory hyperoxia may have adverse effects on multiple organ systems exposed to O2 > 60%.”
From Hypoxia signaling in cancer: Implications for therapeutic interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [201]
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“As seen for Swiss CD-1 mice, the hyperpnea in most mammals, including eight strains of inbred mice (44), rats (6), piglets/pigs (7), kittens/cats (23, 25, 41, 47), rabbits (16), lambs (3), and humans (5), neonates and adults alike, is mediated primarily by increases in respiratory frequency (for more complete list, se…”
BackgroundEffect of prior O2 breathing on ventilatory response to sustained isocapnic hypoxia in adult humans
Honda, Y., Tani, H., Masuda, A., et al. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1627 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Changes in respiratory control after three hours of isocapnic hypoxia in humans
Mahamed, S., Cunningham, D. A., & Duffin, J. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j..2002.00271.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“A marked increase in ventilation occurs some time after an initial acute hypoxic ventilatory response and subsequent hypoxic ventilatory decline (Easton et al. 1986).”
BackgroundAbreu, R. P. D. S., Bondarenko, E., & Feldman, J. L. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp282002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In most mammals, however, including humans (Easton et al. 1986; Rehan et al. 1996; Martin et al. 1998), the ventilatory response to hypoxia has been shown to be biphasic (Vizek et al.”
BackgroundEffects of different levels of end-tidal PO2 on ventilation during isocapnia in humans
Bascom, D. A., Pandit, J. J., Clement, I. D., et al. (1992) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(92)90004-g · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Extended models of the ventilatory response to sustained isocapnic hypoxia in humans
Liang, P.-J., Bascom, D. A., & Robbins, P. A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.667 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Changes in respiratory control after three hours of isocapnic hypoxia in humans
Mahamed, S., Cunningham, D. A., & Duffin, J. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.030965 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Respiratory Drive, Dyspnea, and Silent Hypoxemia: A Physiological Review in the Context of COVID-19
Kallet, R. H., Branson, R. D., & Lipnick, M. S. (2022) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.10075 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Diaphragmatic activity during biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in rats
Vízek, M., & Bonora, M. (1998) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(97)00116-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ventilatory response to hypoxia in elderly humans
Ahmed, M. M., Giesbrecht, G. G., Serrette, C., et al. (1991) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(91)90053-l · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationA protocol for determining the shape of the ventilatory response to hypoxia in humans
Mou, X. B., Howard, L., & Robbins, P. A. (1995) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(95)00027-b · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Air Hunger: A Primal Sensation and a Primary Element of Dyspnea
Banzett, R. B., Lansing, R., & Binks, A. P. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00156.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“When a sudden decrease in PETO 2 is effected, the time course of air hunger is more complex, showing an initial delay, sharp rise, and subsequent roll-off after the first few minutes (Figure 8)—this mirrors the ventilatory response to hypoxia (75, 157, 186).”
Debenham, M. I. B., Smuin, J. N., Grantham, T. D. A., Ainslie, P. N., & Dalton, B. H. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04581-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A New Aspect of the Carotid Body Function Controlling Hypoxic Ventilatory Decline in Humans.
Kimura, H., Tanaka, M., Nagao, K., et al. (1998) · Applied Human Science Journal of Physiological Anthropology · doi:10.2114/jpa.17.131 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“However, the level of hypoxic hyperventilation is not maintained at a constant level: ventilation during sustained mild hypoxia initially increases rapidly, and then gradually declines with time (Weil and Zwillich, 1976; Easton et al., 1986; Khamnei and Robbins, 1990).”
BackgroundComparison of effects of sustained isocapnic hypoxia on ventilation in men and women
Sajkov, D., Neill, A. M., Saunders, N. A., et al. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.2.599 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fatemian, M., Herigstad, M., Croft, Q. P. P., Formenti, F., Cardenas, R., Wheeler, C., Smith, T. G., Friedmannova, M., Dorrington, K. L., & Robbins, P. A. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp270061 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“4B) the variable (V̇E (8 h) − V̇E (1 h)) was adopted because the acute ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia, and a subsequent period of hypoxic ventilatory decline, also in the presence of isocapnic hypoxia (Easton et al. 1986), are completed well within the first hour of exposure.”
MethodBiphasic Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in Unanesthetized Rats
Maxová, H., & Vízek, M. (2001) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.930000.50.91 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Such a decline is more pronounced in newborns (Long and Lawson 1984, LaFramboise and Woodrum 1985, Bonora et al. 1992) than in adult humans (Easton et al. 1986, Easton and Anthonisen 1988, Georgopoulos et al. 1989) or other species (Vízek et al. 1987, Tatsumi et al. 1992, Gershan et al. 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMelnikov, V. N., Диверт, В. Э., Komlyagina, T. G., et al. (2017) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933328 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Since hypoxia stimulates ventilation (Easton et al. 1986), this potential confounding effect must be considered insofar as some hypoxic cardiovascular responses that might be attributed to alterations in oxygen tension could, in fact, be caused by secondary changes in respiratory function.”
- Authors
- Easton, P. A., Slykerman, L. J., & Anthonisen, N. R.
- ORCID
- Easton, P. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-09-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W1950707731
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- hypoxic ventilatory response, sustained hypoxia, isocapnic hypoxia, hyperventilation, tidal volume, inspiratory flow, respiratory timing, arterial oxygen saturation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Hypoxia, Female, Humans, Inspiratory Capacity, Male, Respiration, Respiratory System, Tidal Volume, Time Factors
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