Acetylcarnitine formation during intense muscular contraction in humans
Abstract
To study the changes in carnitine during intense muscular effort subjects underwent 4 min intermittent electrical stimulation of the quadriceps femoris muscle and on a separate occasion performed 4 min exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken at rest and after 2 and 4 min of stimulation or exercise. Resting mean muscle total carnitine content was 20.0 mmol/kg dry muscle. Approximately 77% was free carnitine and 19% acetylcarnitine. Four minutes of stimulation or intense exercise did not effect total carnitine but did result in a marked fall in free carnitine and almost equivalent rise in acetylcarnitine. The results indicate that acetylcarnitine is a major metabolite formed during intense muscular effort and that carnitine may function in the regulation of the acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio by buffering excess production of acetyl units.
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Increasing exercise intensity was shown to result in a decrease in CPT-1 activity, dependent on the availability of carnitine.
“and CPT-1 activity, dependent on the availability of carnitine [156].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [156]
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The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans
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“Of the investigations that have reported muscle carnitine values, the focus has been on a younger population of individuals (Arenas et al. 1991; Carlin et al. 1986; Harris et al. 1987; Hiat et al. 1989; Janssen et al. 1989; Lennon et al. 1983).”
BackgroundNutritional Ergogenic Aids: Canitine
Clarkson, P. M. (1992) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.2.2.185 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle 1H MRSI before and after prolonged exercise. II. visibility of free carnitine
Boss, A., Kreis, R., Saillen, P., Zehnder, M. G., Boesch, C., & Vermathen, P. (2012) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.24167 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“By performing radioisotopic assays on muscle biopsy samples, it was shown that total Car concentration either decreases after exercise (18,19) or remains unchanged (10,20).”
Roberts, P. A., Loxham, S. J. G., Poucher, S. M., Constantin‐Teodosiu, D., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2002) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-445x.2002.tb00062.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bioanalysis of acetylcarnitine in cerebrospinal fluid by HILIC–mass spectrometry
Holder, B. R., McNaney, C. A., Luchetti, D., et al. (2015) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.3433 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Acidosis attenuates CPT-I-supported bioenergetics as a potential mechanism limiting lipid oxidation
Frangos, S. M., DesOrmeaux, G. J., & Holloway, G. P. (2023) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105079 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Excess acetyl-CoA can be dissipated by forming acetylcarnitine to alleviate this backpressure, but at the expense of L-carnitine availability to CPT-I (1, 31).”
BackgroundWall, B. T., Stephens, F. B., van Loon, L. J. C., Constantin‐Teodosiu, D., Macdonald, I. A., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2011) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.630103 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An Overview of the Dietary Ingredient Carnitine
Bloomer, R. J., Butawan, M. B., Farney, T. M., & McAllister, M. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813922-6.00051-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exercise-trained but not untrained rats maintain free carnitine reserves during acute exercise.
Cha, Y., Kim, H.-Y., & Daily, J. W. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Palo, E. D., Gatti, R. D., Varnier, M., Floreani, A., Palo, C. D., & Scandellari, C. (1992) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.1992.30.4.179 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“22 (2) = 5) 76 (20) Alanine aminotransferase U/l (*)”
BackgroundWall, B. T., Stephens, F. B., Constantin‐Teodosiu, D., Macdonald, I. A., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2011) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bloomer, R. J., Farney, T. M., & McAllister, M. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396454-0.00041-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
L(-)-Carnitine and its precursor, gamma -butyrobetaine
Seim, H., Eichler, K., Kleber, H. ‐., Kramer, K. J., Hoppe, P. P., & Packer, L. (2001) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Carnitine metabolism in peripheral arterial disease
Hiatt, W. R., & Brass, E. P. (1995) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0275-9_25 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Carnitine and lactate metabolism
Ferrari, R., & Visioli, O. (1995) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0275-9_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In the course of maximal work load, not only glycolysis is stimulated to generate lactate but also lipolysis, as suggested by the increased glycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate levels found in human skeletal muscle [9].”
BackgroundRegulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle During Exercise: Effect of Obesity
Fritzen, A. M., Broskey, N. T., Lundsgaard, A., Dohm, G. L., Houmard, J. A., & Kiens, B. (2022) · Physiology in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
L(-)-Carnitine and Its Precursor, _-Butyrobetaine
Eichler, K., Seim, H., & Kleber, H. ‐. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203908174.ch12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hongu, N. K., & Sachan, D. S. (2002) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2002.59.64 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Harris, R. C., Foster, C. V., & Hultman, E.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1987-07-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 440-442
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2173556929
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- acetyl-L-carnitine, carnitine metabolism, free carnitine, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, physical activity, quadriceps, vastus lateralis, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcarnitine, Adult, Carnitine, Electric Stimulation, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Muscle Contraction, Muscles
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