Postural baroreflex stimuli may affect EEG arousal and sleep in humans
Abstract
Past research has shown that baroreceptor stimulation can induce sleep. The present study investigated whether the upright posture inhibits sleep by reducing baroreceptor firing. Twenty-eight men were each exposed to four conditions on separate days: 40 degrees head-up tilt with (TP) and without (TN) 45 mmHg positive pressure on the legs and the supine position with (SP) and without (SN) leg pressure. Heart rate and blood pressure changes indicated that baroreceptor firing was strongly reduced by TN and only mildly reduced by TP in 24 subjects. Baroreceptor effects of SP were unclear. SN and SP did not differ significantly in their effects on electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep. Among subjects who showed a normal baroreflex response to tilt, both TN and TP inhibited sleep, but TN caused a persistent elevation of EEG beta activity that did not occur in TP plus a greater delay in sleep onset. TN had no such arousing effects in four subjects who showed little or no baroreflex response to tilt. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the fall in baroreceptor firing produced by the upright posture contributes to EEG arousal.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sleep onset and maintenance depend on sleep-permissive and wake-promoting conditions such as posture.
“In real life, sleep onset and maintenance also depend on whether some seemingly trivial yet crucial conditions are met, like having attained an appropriate posture.”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
Being in a supine position is a sleep-permissive condition, whereas being upright is a wake-promoting condition.
“Being in a supine position is being in a sleep-permissive condition, whereas being upright is being in a wake-promoting condition [2, 13, 14, 18, 49, 62].”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences
Someren, E. J. W. V. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00046.2019 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Cognition in action: imaging brain/body dynamics in mobile humans
Gramann, K., Gwin, J. T., Ferris, D. P., Oie, K. S., Jung, T., Lin, C., Liao, L., & Makeig, S. (2011) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.047 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Yoga and physical exercise – a review and comparison
Govindaraj, R., Karmani, S. J., Varambally, S. S., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2016.1160878 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“In an interesting study, Cole observed that placing a student in supported Sethubandhasana or Padmasana position lead to an immediate shift from beta to alpha or theta type of EEG waves, suggesting a shift from aroused state to a deeper meditative state or sleep itself (Cole, 1989).”
BackgroundPsychophysiology of arterial baroreceptors and the etiology of hypertension
Rau, H., & Elbert, T. R. (2001) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00094-1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Cole (1989) applied body tilting, in combination with the anti-g suit, in order to investigate baroreceptor effects on sleeping behavior in humans.”
Caldwell, J. A., Prazinko, B., & Caldwell, J. L. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00283-3 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Subject position affects EEG magnitudes
Rice, J. K., Rorden, C., Little, J. S., & Parra, L. C. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.041 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, a confounding increase of alpha activity in the reclined positions, due to a change in comfort or general arousal [10], might also have occurred.”
BackgroundAutonomic dysfunction in primary sleep disorders
Miglis, M. G. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.10.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“While mild baroreceptor stimulation may inhibit arousal, large increases or decreases in baroreceptor activity may facilitate arousal [14].”
BackgroundJohns, M. W. (2002) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00274.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“These e ects of postural and behavioural changes are also manifested as changes in heart rate, blood pressure (Lechin et al. 1995), baroreceptor re¯exes (Cole 1989) and core temperature (Kleitman 1963).”
BackgroundAlertness management strategies for operational contexts
Caldwell, J. A., Caldwell, J. L., & Schmidt, R. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.01.002 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity
Romeijn, N., Raymann, R. J. E. M., Møst, E., Te Lindert, B., Van Der Meijden, W. P., Fronczek, R., Gomez-Herrero, G., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2012) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-011-1042-2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Being in a supine position is being in a sleep-permissive condition, whereas being upright is being in a wake-promoting condition [2, 13, 14, 18, 49, 62].”
BackgroundBarry, R. J., Clarke, A. R., Johnstone, S. J., & Rushby, J. A. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.002 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Bidirectional interactions between the baroreceptor reflex and arousal: an update
Silvani, A., Buonaura, G. C., Benarroch, E. E., Dampney, R. A. L., & Cortelli, P. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.10.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In conscious subjects, baroreflex deactivation during head-up tilt increased sleep latency and fast EEG activity in the beta range (>16 Hz), indicating cortical activation [28].”
BackgroundControl of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during sleep
Benarroch, E. E. (2019) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2019.01.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Posture alters human resting-state
Thibault, R. T., Lifshitz, M., Jones, J. M., & Raz, A. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.06.014 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Second, multiple reports suggest that altered noradrenergic output modulates EEG activity (Cole, 1989; Lipnicki, 2009; Schneider et al., 2008).”
Cardiovascular baroreflex circuit moonlights in sleep control
Yao, Y., Barger, Z., Doost, M. S., Tso, C. F., Darmohray, D. M., Silverman, D., Liu, D., Ma, C., Cetin, A. H., Yao, S., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.027 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Effect of Posture on Early Reaching Movements
Out, L., van Soest, A. J., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Hopkins, B. (1998) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222899809601341 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Working the night shift: preparation, survival and recovery - a guide for junior doctors
Horrocks, N. P. C., & Pounder, R. E. (2006) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.6-1-61 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Baroreceptor Modulation of the Cardiovascular System, Pain, Consciousness, and Cognition
Suárez-Roca, H., Mamoun, N. F., Sigurdsson, M. I., & Maixner, W. D. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c190038 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Papp, M. E., Lindfors, P., Storck, N., & Wändell, P. E. (2013) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-59 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Supine and inverted body postures stimulate the baroreceptor reflex (from altered negative pressure in the upper body) and may create a parasympathetic (vagal) activity [8,34 – 36] while upright postures inhibit it [34].”
Chouchou, F., Pichot, V., Barthélemy, J., Bastuji, H., & Roche, F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086434 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Sympathetic cardiac activity during sleep was also proposed as a potential contributor to CA occurrence following the observation in animals [13,14] and humans [15,16] that baroreflex loop stimulation during sleep, an autonomic sensitivity component, could induce CA.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe relationship between quantified EEG and skin conductance level
Lim, C. L., Barry, R. J., Gordon, E., Sawant, A., RENNIE, C. J., & Yiannikas, C. (1996) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(95)00049-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Thinking on your back: Solving anagrams faster when supine than when standing
Lipnicki, D. M., & Byrne, D. G. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.03.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Skin temperature, sleep, and vigilance
Lindert, B. H. W. T., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00021-7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Daytime sympathetic hyperactivity in OSAS is related to excessive daytime sleepiness
Donadio, V. A., Liguori, R., Vetrugno, R., Contin, M., Elam, M., Wallin, B. G., KARLSSON, T., Bugiardini, E., Baruzzi, A., & Montagna, P. (2007) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00602.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“It is known that baroreceptor activation decreases arousal and facilitates sleep (Cole, 1989; Dworkin, 1988; Rau and Elbert, 2001).”
BackgroundCorey, S. M., Epel, E., Schembri, M., Pawlowsky, S., Cole, R., Araneta, M., Barrett-Connor, E., & Kanaya, A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…parasympathetic nervous system activity, thus reducing blood pressure, lowering plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels (Gharib et al., 1988; Vybiral et al., 1989; Shiraishi et al., 2002), and calming brain activity via ascending inhibitory pathways (Dell and Marillaud, 1966; Cole, 1989).”
Self-citationChang, L.-J., Lin, J.-F., Lin, C., Wu, K.-T., Wang, Y., & Kuo, C. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.034 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Baroreceptor Modulation of the Cardiovascular System, Pain, Consciousness, and Cognition
Suárez-Roca, H., Mamoun, N. F., Sigurdsson, M. I., & Maixner, W. D. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00152.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The effect of body posture on cognitive performance: a question of sleep quality
Muehlhan, M., Marxen, M., Landsiedel, J., Malberg, H., & Zaunseder, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00171 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 27 March 2014 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00171 The effect of body posture on cognitive performance: a question of sleep quality”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe effects of body posture on resting electroencephalographic activity in sleep-deprived subjects
Caldwell, J. A., Prazinko, B. F., & Hall, K. K. (2000) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00289-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Body position alters human resting-state: Insights from multi-postural magnetoencephalography
Thibault, R. T., Lifshitz, M., & Raz, A. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9447-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Moreover, converging evidence demonstrates that posture regulates physiological factors, including hemodynamics, and influences concomitant neurocognitive processing (Cole 1989; Lipnicki and Byrne 2005; Lundström et al. 2008; Ouchi et al. 2001; Spironelli and Angrilli 2011).”
BackgroundResultAN EFFECT OF POSTURE ON ANTICIPATORY ANXIETY
Lipnicki, D. M., & Byrne, D. G. (2008) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450701750463 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…posture has been shown to influence various aspects of psychological functioning, including arousal (Caldwell et al., 2003; Caldwell et al., 2000; Cole, 1989; Elliott et al., 2005; Vaitl & Gruppe, 1990), somatosensation (Peru et al., 2006; Shimoda & Ikuta, 2000), visual detection (Caldwell et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialImaging Posture Veils Neural Signals
Thibault, R. T., & Raz, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00520 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…respiratory volume, oxygen consumption, core body temperature, cortisol secretion, and other indicators of physiological arousal stabilize at higher levels when upright compared to supine (Figure 1; Cole, 1989; Kräuchi et al., 1997; Hennig et al., 2000; Badr et al., 2002; Jones and Dean, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialActivation of carotid baroreceptors inhibits spinal reflexes in man
Rau, H., Brody, S., BRUNIA, C. H. M., Damen, E. J. P., & Elbert, T. R. (1993) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(93)90072-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Baroreceptor activity potentially facilitates cortical inhibition in zero gravity
Lipnicki, D. M. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.039 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The findings of Schneider et al. (2008) and earlier EEG studies (Cole, 1989; Ivanova, 1988; Vaitl and Gruppe, 1990, 1992) support this idea, as do effects of posture on psychological processes modulated by locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system activity, including cognition and anxiety (Lipnicki and…”
BackgroundStewart, J. C., France, C. R., & Suhr, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.20.1.1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Short daytime naps in a car seat to counteract daytime sleepiness: The effect of backrest angle
Hayashi, M., & Abe, A. (2008) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2008.00333.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Prevalence of house dust mites in the Rocky Mountain states.
Nelson, H. S., & Fernández‐Caldas, E. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kesler, B. S., Anand, A., Launois, S. H., et al. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.897 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sakaguchi, Y., Nozaki‐Taguchi, N., Hasegawa, M., Ishibashi, K., Sato, Y., & Isono, S. (2022) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000004254 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Versace, V., Campostrini, S., Sebastianelli, L., Saltuari, L. L., Valls‐Solé, J., & Köfler, M. (2019) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.07.194 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yeo, M. V. M., Li, X., & Wilder-Smith, E. P. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.02.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Are subjective sleepiness and sleep quality related to prospective memory?
Böhm, M. F., Bayen, U. J., & Schaper, M. L. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-019-0199-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…Scale, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, BF01 Bayes factor indicating evidence for the null hypothesis 4The BFs for the regression weights were computed from analyses that included only one predictor at a time. sitting upright (e.g., Cole, 1989; Kräuchi, Cajochen, & Wirz-Justice, 1997).”
MethodWorking the night shift : preparation, survival and recovery
Horrocks, N. P. C., & Pounder, R. E. (2006) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dietrich, A., Althaus, M., Hartman, C. A., Buitelaar, J. K., Mindera, R. B., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Source Localization of Brain States Associated with Canonical Neuroimaging Postures
Lifshitz, M., Thibault, R. T., Roth, R. R., & Raz, A. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01107 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In addition, a few studies have found changes in EEG signals as a function of posture (Spironelli et al., 2016; Benvenuti et al., 2013; Fardo et al., 2013; Rice et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2011; Spironelli & Angrilli, 2011; Cole, 1989).”
InfluentialElectrocortical Functional Connectivity in Infancy: Response to Body Tilt
Grieve, P. G., Stark, R. I., Isler, J. R., et al. (2007) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sitting position does not alter minimum alveolar concentration for desflurane
Lin, C.-M., Huang, C.-C., Li, A. H.-L., Wu, C., Lee, S., Lui, T., & Doufas, A. G. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/bf03022315 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Grieve, P. G., Myers, M. M., Stark, R. I., et al. (2005) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01850.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Cole found persistent increases in EEG beta power after tilting adult men to a 40 head-up position and suggested that a fall in baroreceptor firing resulted in EEG arousal [11].”
BackgroundQuantitative EEG analysis in minimally conscious state patients during postural changes
Greco, A., Carboncini, M. C., Virgillito, A., et al. (2013) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6610997 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“[9]–[11]) and EEG activities [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialBazanova, O. M., & Kovaleva, A. V. (2022) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119722020025 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Grieve, P. G., Myers, M., Stark, R. I., et al. (2005) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1080/08035250510042933 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
van Steenbergen, H., Wilderjans, T. F., Band, G. P. H., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14634 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effect of Body Positions on EEG signals in Mal de Debarquement Syndrome
Chen, Y., Tang, J. H., Shou, G., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512699 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Though very few studies have focused on the influence of body position on brain activity, posture has been suggested to affect physiological factors such as cerebral blood flow [1] that can impact central nervous activity related to emotional and neurocognitive processes [2, 3].”
BackgroundThe Assessment of ‘Sleepiness’ in Human Drug Trials: A New Perspective
Johns, M. W. (2018) · Current Psychopharmacologye · doi:10.2174/2211556007666180503170231 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Integrated Central-Autonomic Multifractal Complexity in the Heart Rate Variability of Healthy Humans
Lin, D. C., & Sharif, A. H. (2012) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2011.00123 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In the context of postural change, Cole reported elevated EEG Beta band activity in the SUP to UPR transition as a result of a proposed arousal factor (Cole, 1989; see also Nikulin and Brismar, 2004).”
Pharmacotherapy of Excessive Sleepiness: Focus on Armodafinil
Russo, M. B. (2009) · Clinical Medicine Therapeutics · doi:10.4137/cmt.s1994 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lipnicki, D. M. (2007) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjm076 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nozoe, K., Fukuda, K., Kogure, T., Shiino, T., & Asaoka, S. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.102916 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koukamari, P. H., Ghaffari, M., Tavafian, S. S., & Ramezankhani, A. (2021) · Health Scope · doi:10.5812/jhealthscope.108354 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In general, evidence suggests that individuals become more tired (87-89) and fall asleep earlier (90) when they are in a lying position compared with an upright posture.”
BackgroundEffect of Aerobic Exercise and Yoga on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Parameters in Young Adults
D, R. R. M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Physiology · doi:10.37506/ijop.v7i1.257 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Restorative Yoga for Symptom Management in Fibromyalgia
Fischer-White, T. G. (2015) · doi:10.18130/v3nk1f
NHS needs culture shift regarding sleeping at work
Rimmer, A. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i3971
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816179-1.00042-6
Autonomic Dysfunction in Sleep Disorders
Bozzali, M., Manni, R., Romagnolo, A., & Terzaghi, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43036-7_9
van Steenbergen, H., Wilderjans, T. F., Band, G. P. H., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/c27u9
Cardiac activity impacts spinal cord excitability. A Call to Return to the RootsPreprint
Syrov, N., Morozova, P., Popova, A., Melashenko, E., Takhirov, R., Mustafina, A., Benachour, A., Yakovlev, L., Knyshenko, M., & Kaplan, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682433
- Authors
- Cole, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cole, R. J.
- ORCID
- Cole, R. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1989-12-01
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2369-2375
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2254540583
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH39880, MH-38822-04)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- upright posture, sleep onset, EEG arousal, beta activity, head-up tilt, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep induction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Carotid Sinus, Electroencephalography, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Posture, Pressoreceptors, Reflex, Sleep
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
