The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking
Abstract
We reasoned that with an optimal aiding horizontal force, the reduction in metabolic rate would reflect the cost of generating propulsive forces during normal walking. Furthermore, the reductions in ankle extensor electromyographic (EMG) activity would indicate the propulsive muscle actions. We applied horizontal forces at the waist, ranging from 15% body weight aiding to 15% body weight impeding, while subjects walked at 1.25 m/s. With an aiding horizontal force of 10% body weight, 1) the net metabolic cost of walking decreased to a minimum of 53% of normal walking, 2) the mean EMG of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) during the propulsive phase decreased to 59% of the normal walking magnitude, and yet 3) the mean EMG of the soleus (Sol) did not decrease significantly. Our data indicate that generating horizontal propulsive forces constitutes nearly half of the metabolic cost of normal walking. Additionally, it appears that the MG plays an important role in forward propulsion, whereas the Sol does not.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ground reaction forces in distance running
Cavanagh, P. R., & Lafortune, M. A. (1980) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(80)90033-0 · Cited by 1,207
Neptune, R. R., Kautz, S. A., & Zajac, F. E. (2001) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00105-1 · Cited by 1,132
The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait
Waters, R. L., & Mulroy, S. (1999) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00009-0 · Cited by 1,111
Determining Muscle??s Force and Action in Multi-Articular Movement
ZAJAC, F. E., & GORDON, M. E. (1989) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-198900170-00009 · Cited by 738
Energetic aspects of muscle contraction
(1986) · General Pharmacology: The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(86)90238-7 · Cited by 736
Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running
NILSSON, J., & THORSTENSSON, A. (1989) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08655.x · Cited by 697
Muscular Force in Running Turkeys: The Economy of Minimizing Work
Roberts, T. J., Marsh, R. L., Weyand, P. G., & Taylor, C. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5303.1113 · Cited by 651
The physiological cost of negative work
Abbott, B. C., Bigland, B., & Ritchie, J. M. (1952) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004755 · Cited by 642
In vivo behaviour of human muscle tendon during walking
Fukunaga, T., Kubo, K., Kawakami, Y., Fukashiro, S., Kanehisa, H., & Maganaris, C. N. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1361 · Cited by 589
Derivation of formulae used to calculate energy expenditure in man.
Brockway, J. M. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 585
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Brockway JM., 1987, Hum Nutr Clin Nutr, 41, 463
- 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90020-F · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(93)90020-f
- Sutherland DH, 1981, Bull Prosthet Res, 10, 281
- Zajac FE, 1989, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 17, 187
Cited by
Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Lokomat in Subacute Stroke
Hidler, J., Nichols, D., Pelliccio, M., Brady, K., Campbell, D. D., Kahn, J. H., & Hornby, T. G. (2009) · Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair · doi:10.1177/1545968308326632 · Cited by 652
Israel, J. F., Campbell, D. D., Kahn, J. H., & Hornby, T. G. (2006) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20050266 · Cited by 322
Independent metabolic costs of supporting body weight and accelerating body mass during walking
Grabowski, A., Farley, C. T., & Kram, R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00734.2004 · Cited by 251
Self-citationEnergy cost and muscular activity required for leg swing during walking
Gottschall, J. S., & Kram, R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01190.2004 · Cited by 143
Self-citationMarsh, R. L., Ellerby, D. J., Henry, H. T., & Rubenson, J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02226 · Cited by 83
Metadata
- Authors
- Gottschall, J. S., & Kram, R.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2003-05-01
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1766-1772
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2112577349
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 30
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1152/japplphysiol.00670.2002
- The paper
- Gottschall, J. S., & Kram, R. (2003). Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking. Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00670.2002
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
