Independent metabolic costs of supporting body weight and accelerating body mass during walking
Abstract
The metabolic cost of walking is determined by many mechanical tasks, but the individual contribution of each task remains unclear. We hypothesized that the force generated to support body weight and the work performed to redirect and accelerate body mass each individually incur a significant metabolic cost during normal walking. To test our hypothesis, we measured changes in metabolic rate in response to combinations of simulated reduced gravity and added loading. We found that reducing body weight by simulating reduced gravity modestly decreased net metabolic rate. By calculating the metabolic cost per Newton of reduced body weight, we deduced that generating force to support body weight comprises approximately 28% of the metabolic cost of normal walking. Similar to previous loading studies, we found that adding both weight and mass increased net metabolic rate in more than direct proportion to load. However, when we added mass alone by using a combination of simulated reduced gravity and added load, net metabolic rate increased about one-half as much as when we added both weight and mass. By calculating the cost per kilogram of added mass, we deduced that the work performed on the center of mass comprises approximately 45% of the metabolic cost of normal walking. Our findings support the hypothesis that force and work each incur a significant metabolic cost. Specifically, the cost of performing work to redirect and accelerate the center of mass is almost twice as great as…
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Teunissen et al. (2007) found extremely large effects during running while Grabowski et al. (2005) reported a small effect during walking in 0.25 g compared to 1 g.
“Teunissen et al. (2007) found extremely large effects during running while data from Grabowski et al. (2005) reported a small effect during walking in 0.25 g compared to 1 g.”
From Human Biomechanical and Cardiopulmonary Responses to Partial Gravity – A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as Grabowski et al. (2005)
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Arellano, C. J., O’Connor, D. P., Layne, C. S., & Kurz, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.026153 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Postural threat during walking: effects on energy cost and accompanying gait changes
IJmker, T., Lamoth, C. J. C., Houdijk, H., van der Woude, L. H. V., & Beek, P. J. (2014) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-71 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Physiological costs of undocumented human migration across the southern United States border
Campbell‐Staton, S. C., Walker, R. H., Rogers, S. A., León, J. D., Landecker, H. L., Porter, W. P., Mathewson, P. D., & Long, R. A. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abh1924 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A model of muscle-tendon function in human walking
Endo, K., & Herr, H. (2009) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/robot.2009.5152622 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Obesity does not impair walking economy across a range of speeds and grades
Browning, R. C., Reynolds, M. M., Board, W. J., Walters, K. A., & Reiser, R. F. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00765.2012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Apollo number: space suits, self-support, and the walk-run transition
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Effect of Carrying a Rifle on Physiology and Biomechanical Responses in Biathletes
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A Robotic Ankle–Foot Prosthesis With Active Alignment
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Glycerol Use in Hyperhydration and Rehydration: Scientific Update
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Propulsive Forces Applied to the Body’s Center of Mass Affect Metabolic Energetics Poststroke
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- Authors
- Grabowski, A., Farley, C. T., & Kram, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 579-583
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2017291484
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29ar044688-06)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-44688)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- energy cost of walking, body weight support, center of mass acceleration, metabolic rate, mechanical work, force generation
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Adult, Computer Simulation, Energy Transfer, Female, Humans, Locomotion, Male, Models, Biological, Oxygen Consumption, Stress, Mechanical, Task Performance and Analysis, Weight-Bearing, Weightlessness Simulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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