Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males.
Open accessAbstract
Endurance exercise training induces adaptations in metabolically active organs, but adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) remains incompletely understood. On the basis of animal studies, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training would increase the expression of proteins involved in lipolysis and glucose uptake in scAT. To test these hypotheses, 19 young and healthy males were randomized to either endurance exercise training (TR; age 18–24 yr; BMI 19.0–25.4 kg/m2) or a nonexercising control group (CON; age 21–35 yr; BMI 20.5–28.8 kg/m2). Abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies and blood were obtained at rest before and after intervention. By using Western blotting and PCR, we determined expression of lipid droplet-associated proteins, various proteins involved in substrate metabolism, and mRNA abundance of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was determined from fasting plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (adipose tissue insulin resistance index; Adipo-IR). Adipo-IR improved in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.03). This was accompanied by increased insulin receptor (IR) protein expression in scAT with a 1.54-fold (SD 0.79) change from baseline in TR vs. 0.85 (SD 0.30) in CON ( P = 0.007). Additionally, hexokinase II (HKII) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) protein increased in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). We did not observe changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins or mRNA abundance of GPCRs. Collectively, 10 weeks of endurance exercise training improved adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, which was accompanied by increased IR, HKII, and SDHA protein expression in scAT. We suggest that these adaptations contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) after endurance exercise training compared with a nonexercising control group. We show that endurance exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in human scAT, and this is accompanied by increased expression of insulin receptor, hexokinase II, and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A. Collectively, our data suggest that endurance exercise training induces molecular adaptations in human scAT, which may contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility.
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In humans, insulin sensitivity in AT is accompanied by an increase in glucose transportation and the glycolytic pathway.
“In humans, insulin sensitivity in AT is accompanied by an increase in glucose transportation and glycolytic pathway”
From Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution (2021) · cites this paper as Riis et al., 2018
The Results and Discussion report improved insulin sensitivity and increased HKII expression in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after endurance training. But the Results found no statistically significant increase in the glucose transporter GLUT4, and the Discussion describes improved glucose uptake and a link to glycolysis as possibilities, not demonstrated increases in glucose transport or glycolytic activity. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Li, X., Liang, C., Song, G., Lin, Y., Chen, Y., Zhao, J., Sui, H., Pan, X., Sun, L., Chen, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2026.100986
Morrissey, M. C., Szymanski, M. R., Filep, E. M., Langan, S. P., Ormsbee, M. J., Lee, E. C., & Casa, D. J. (2026) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70162
Leiva, E. G., Barb, D., Kalavalapalli, S., Rocha, A. O., CUERVO-PARDO, N., Sharma, A., SAENZ, E. V., Lomonaco, R., MARANGI, S. A., SHETTY, S. S., et al. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06904-1
- Authors
- Riis, S., Christensen, B., Nellemann, B., Møller, A. B., Husted, A. S., Pedersen, S. B., Schwartz, T. W., Jørgensen, J. O. L., & Jessen, N.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Jessen, Niels
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2019-03-01
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 569-577
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2906649790
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF17SA0031230-1)
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- subcutaneous adipose tissue, endurance training, insulin sensitivity, insulin receptor, hexokinase 2, metabolic flexibility, lipolysis, glucose uptake, lipid droplet proteins, G protein-coupled receptors, substrate metabolism, adipose tissue biopsy, young men, free fatty acids
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Lipolysis, Male, Obesity, Exercise, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Subcutaneous Fat, Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal, Young Adult
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