Endurance training ameliorates the metabolic and performance characteristics of circadian Clock mutant mice
Abstract
Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) is a nuclear transcription factor that is a component of the central autoregulatory feedback loop that governs the generation of biological rhythms. Homozygous Clock mutant mice contain a truncated CLOCK Δ19 protein within somatic cells, subsequently causing an impaired ability to rhythmically transactivate circadian genes. The present study sought to investigate whether the Clock mutation affects mitochondrial physiology within skeletal muscle, as well as the responsiveness of these mutant animals to adapt to a chronic voluntary endurance training protocol. Within muscle, Clock mutant mice displayed 44% and 45% reductions in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor-A protein content, respectively, and an accompanying 16% decrease in mitochondrial content, as determined by cytochrome c oxidase enzyme activity. These decrements contributed to a 50% decrease in exercise tolerance in Clock mutant mice. Interestingly, the Clock mutation did not appear to alter subsarcolemmal or intermyofibrillar mitochondrial respiration within muscle or systemic glucose tolerance. Daily locomotor activity levels were similar between wild-type and Clock mutant mice throughout the training protocol. Endurance training ameliorated the decrease in PGC-1α protein expression and mitochondrial content in the Clock mutant mice, eliciting a 2.9-fold improvement in exercise tolerance. Thus our data suggest that a functional CLOCK protein is essential to ensure the maintenance of mitochondrial content within muscle although the absence of a functional CLOCK protein does not impair the ability of animals to adapt to chronic exercise.
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Genetic mouse models with disrupted molecular clock (Clock mutant mice and Bmal1 KO mouse) display reduced glucose tolerance, mitochondrial respiratory function, and skeletal muscle contractile function.
“The functional significance of disrupting the molecular clock has been shown in genetic mouse models (i.e., Clock mutant mice and the Bmal1 KO mouse), which display reduced glucose tolerance, mitochondrial respiratory function, and skeletal muscle contractile function [20,21].”
From Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The same detrimental metabolic changes that occur in response to circadian misalignment and altered expression of clock genes may also be ameliorated by performing exercise.
“Furthermore, the same detrimental metabolic changes that occur in response to circadian misalignment and altered expression of clock genes may also be ameliorated by performing exercise [20,31,32].”
From Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Pastore, S., & Hood, D. A.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hood, David A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2013-04-15
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1076-1084
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W1968877294
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- York University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- circadian clock, Clock mutant mice, endurance training, skeletal muscle mitochondria, PGC-1α, TFAM, exercise tolerance, glucose tolerance, mitochondrial respiration, circadian rhythm, exercise adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha, Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Electron Transport Complex IV, DNA-Binding Proteins, Exercise Test, High Mobility Group Proteins, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Mutant Strains, Mitochondria, Muscle, Motor Activity, Muscle Contraction, Mutation, Physical Endurance, Sarcolemma, Time Factors, Transcription Factors, Trans-Activators, Exercise Tolerance, Muscle, Skeletal, Mice, CLOCK Proteins
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