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An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex
Abstract
1. Using the two-dimensional (2D) spatial and spectral response profiles described in the previous two reports, we test Daugman's generalization of Marcelja's hypothesis that simple receptive fields belong to a class of linear spatial filters analogous to those described by Gabor and referred to here as 2D Gabor filters. 2. In the space domain, we found 2D Gabor filters that fit the 2D spatial response profile of each simple cell in the least-squared error sense (with a simplex algorithm), and we show that the residual error is devoid of spatial structure and statistically indistinguishable from random error. 3. Although a rigorous statistical approach was not possible with our spectral data, we also found a Gabor function that fit the 2D spectral response profile of each simple cell and observed that the residual errors are everywhere small and unstructured. 4. As an assay of spatial linearity in two dimensions, on which the applicability of Gabor theory is dependent, we compare the filter parameters estimated from the independent 2D spatial and spectral measurements described above. Estimates of most parameters from the two domains are highly correlated, indicating that assumptions about spatial linearity are valid. 5. Finally, we show that the functional form of the 2D Gabor filter provides a concise mathematical expression, which incorporates the important spatial characteristics of simple receptive fields demonstrated in the previous two reports. Prominent here are 1) Ca…
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“There is some evidence that certain cells in the mammalian visual cortex (responsible for the perception of texture) can be approximated by such filters [40]”
From A Survey of Underwater Acoustic Data Classification Methods Using Deep Learning for Shoreline Surveillance (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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The role of complex cells in object recognition
Shams, L. B., & von der Malsburg, C. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00202-x · Cited by 52
“To this end, we model complex cell responses with magnitude of Gabor wavelets, as described below: The receptive fields (RFs) of V1 simple cells can be interpreted as Gabor wavelet functions (Daugman, 1985; Jones & Palmer, 1987; Marcelja, 1980) (Fig.”
MethodLillholm, M., Nielsen, M., & Griffin, L. D. (2003) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1023/a:1022995822531 · Cited by 51
“Several choices of RFWF models are possible, two are however dominant: Gabor functions (Daugman, 1985; Jones and Palmer, 1987) and derivatives of Gaussians (Young, 1985; Koenderink and van Doorn, 1990).”
BackgroundHand Posture and Face Recognition Using Fuzzy-Rough Approach
Pisharady, P. K., Vadakkepat, P., & Loh, A. P. (2014) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-056-8_5 · Cited by 51
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“The cortical receptive fields had elongated subfields (Figure 3C), described by a Gabor function with an aspect ratio of 3.3 (Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
BackgroundInfluentialMultiresolution wavelet framework models brightness induction effects
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“…as the main framework for this work was motivated by the fact that wavelets share several mathematical properties that fit nicely with those of the early visual system (e.g. two-dimensional receptive field profiles are well described by two-dimensional Gabor functions (Jones & Palmer, 1987)).”
Zhang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Ning, X., Sun, L., & Lu, Y. (2020) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.5697 · Cited by 52
Center–surround interaction with adaptive inhibition: A computational model for contour detection
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“92 (nearly round) for those simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex (Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
BackgroundInfluentialSymbolic Models and Emergent Models: A Review
Weng, J. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development · doi:10.1109/tamd.2011.2159113 · Cited by 50
“Computationally model how the brain works, at different scales: the cortex, the circuits, and the neurons.”
BackgroundAdaptive Stimulus Optimization for Auditory Cortical Neurons
O’Connor, K. N., Petkov, C. I., & Sutter, M. L. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00046.2005 · Cited by 50
Hierarchical Processing of Horizontal Disparity Information in the Visual Forebrain of Behaving Owls
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“Local disparity detectors found in V1 of mammals and the visual Wulst of owls are well explained by a combination of monocular receptive fields that can be modeled as Gabor functions (Marcelja `, 1980; Field and Tolhurst, 1986; Jones and Palmer, 1987; Ohzawa et al., 1990; Nieder and Wagner, 2000) (Fig. 1c).”
BackgroundBinocular energy responses to natural images
Hibbard, P. B. (2008) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.03.013 · Cited by 49
Güçlü, U., & van Gerven, M. A. J. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003724 · Cited by 49
“To establish a baseline, we used a GWP model [25,27,28] of 10921 phase-invariant complex cells [8].”
MethodWan, Z., Gu, K., & Zhao, D. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2019.2950533 · Cited by 48
“It is suggested that the optimization principle based on 2D Gabor filter can be applied to visual information processing problems, and it could be an efficient strategy in the striate cortex to represent images [58].”
BackgroundDeep gabor neural network for automatic detection of mine-like objects in sonar imagery
Thanh Le, H., Phung, S. L., Chapple, P. B., Bouzerdoum, A., Ritz, C. H., & Tran, L. C. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2995390 · Cited by 49
“Several neurophysiological studies showed that the simple cells found in the cat’s striate cortex respond primarily to oriented edges and sinusoidal gratings, which can be approximated by the Gabor functions [3], [4].”
BackgroundContextual modulation involves suppression and facilitation from the center and the surround
Meese, T. S., Summers, R. J., Holmes, D. J., & Wallis, S. A. (2007) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/7.4.7 · Cited by 49
“…receptive fields that are selective for different values along the dimensions of interest (DeValois & DeValois, 1988; Hubel & Wiesel, 1959, 1962; Jones & Palmer, 1987), and because neighboring modules receive input from neighboring regions in the visual field, retinal topography is also…”
BackgroundLinearity of synaptic interactions in the assembly of receptive fields in cat visual cortex
Ferster, D. (1994) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90058-2 · Cited by 49
Physiologically Inspired Model for the Visual Recognition of Transitive Hand Actions
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“The first hierarchy level that models simple cells in primary visual cortex consists of local orientation detectors that are modeled by quadrature phase pairs of Gabor filters with eight different preferred orientations and seven different spatial scales (Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
Predictive coding as a model of the V1 saliency map hypothesis
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“Further, Jones, and Palmer [43] found that two-dimensional (2-”
BackgroundNormalization governs attentional modulation within human visual cortex
Bloem, I. M., & Ling, S. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13597-1 · Cited by 52
Rudd, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.14.40 · Cited by 47
“…filters, such as the Gabor functions that have been used extensively to model simple cell receptive fields in cortical area V1 (e.g., Daugman, 1985; Jones & Palmer, 1987a, 1987b; Marcelja, 1980; Ringach, 2002) operating on a logarithmically compressed neural image of the stimulus luminance profile…”
Detection of Blood Vessels in the Retina Using Gabor Filters
Rangayyan, R. M., Oloumi, F., Oloumi, F., Eshghzadeh-Zanjani, P., & Ayres, F. J. (2007) · Conference proceedings - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1109/ccece.2007.184 · Cited by 47
“The survey and the performance statistics of the techniques reviewed indicate the need for advanced methods for more accurate detection as well as precise quantitative analysis of diagnostic features as above.”
MethodLearning receptive fields using predictive feedback
Jehee, J. F. M., Rothkopf, C. A., Beck, J. M., & Ballard, D. H. (2006) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2006.09.011 · Cited by 47
“Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) respond to bars of different orientation (Hubel and Wiesel, 1968; Jones and Palmer, 1987), neurons in extrastriate cortex respond to angles and contours (Pasupathy and Connor, 1999; Hedgé and Van Essen, 2000), and neurons in area MST respond to optic flow (Orban et al.”
BackgroundConvolutional neural network models of V1 responses to complex patterns
Zhang, Y., Lee, T. S., Li, M., Liu, F., & Tang, S. (2018) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-018-0687-7 · Cited by 45
“…layers of V1 of awake macaque monkeys respond strongly to highly specific complex features; this finding suggests that some V1 neurons act as complex pattern detectors rather than Gabor-based edge detectors as dictated by classical studies (Jones and Palmer 1987a; Dayan and Abbott 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGPU implemention of fast Gabor filters
Wang, X., & Shi, B. E. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2010.5537757 · Cited by 46
“Their impulse responses are similar to the receptive field profiles of orientation selective primary visual cortical neurons [1][2].”
BackgroundSanz‐Leon, P., Vanzetta, I., Masson, G. S., & Perrinet, L. (2012) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00737.2011 · Cited by 46
“We next formally define a linear generative model for the synthesis of such natural-like moving textures.”
Animal Coloration Patterns: Linking Spatial Vision to Quantitative Analysis
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Soto, F. A., & Wasserman, E. A. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0070-x · Cited by 45
“The weights for units in the first layer of simple units ( S 1 ) take the form of a Gabor function, which has been shown to be a good model for the response properties of V1 simple neurons (Daugman, 1985; Jones & Palmer, 1987).”
MethodColor and Depth Priors in Natural Images
Su, C.-C., Cormack, L. K., & Bovik, A. C. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2013.2249075 · Cited by 45
“These invalid range values are carefully avoided during the filtering process in the statistical analysis and modeling.”
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Recent developments in multivariate pattern analysis for functional MRI
Yang, Z., Fang, F., & Weng, X. (2012) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1253-3 · Cited by 49
“Specifically, grayscale natural images were modeled with linear combinations of a set of elementary images (basis images) containing Gabor wavelet pyramids([45,46]).”
MethodSpatial structure of neuronal receptive field in awake monkey secondary visual cortex (V2)
Liu, L., She, L., Chen, M., Liu, T., Lu, H. D., Dan, Y., & Poo, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1525505113 · Cited by 45
“These V2 cells had larger RF sizes but conserved the spatial shapes that could be well represented by a wavelet function [Laplacian of Gaussian for center-surround RF (38), and Gabor for V1 RF (20)], thus functioning as part of the wavelet representation of the stimulus at a coarser scale.”
BackgroundUtilizing Dictionary Learning and Machine Learning for Blind Quality Assessment of 3-D Images
Zhou, W., Qiu, W., & Wu, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting · doi:10.1109/tbc.2016.2638620 · Cited by 45
“Classical Gabor filters are commonly used as band-pass filters because they offer the best simultaneous localization of space and frequency, and can simulate the mechanism of receptive field responses in the early stage of the visual cortex [47].”
BackgroundMice Discriminate Stereoscopic Surfaces Without Fixating in Depth
Samonds, J. M., Choi, V., & Priebe, N. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0895-19.2019 · Cited by 45
“, 2002a), which are described well by two-dimensional Gabor functions (Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
BackgroundOn temporal codes and the spatiotemporal response of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus
Golomb, D., Kleinfeld, D., Reid, R. C., Shapley, R. M., & Shraiman, B. I. (1994) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1994.72.6.2990 · Cited by 45
“…lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) ( Enroth-Cugell and Robson 1966; Hochstein and Shapley 1976; So and Shapley 1979) and possibly primary visual cortex (Jagadeesh et al. 1993; Jones and Palmer 1987; Movshon et al. 1978; Reid et al. 1987, 199 1; Shapley et al. 199 1) is linear to good approximation.”
BackgroundRoughness coding in the somatosensory system
Hsiao, S. S., Johnson, K. O., & Twombly, I. A. (1993) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(93)90072-y · Cited by 45
Organization of simple cell responses in the three-dimensional (3-D) frequency domain
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“…Wiesel, 1962; Maffei & Fiorentini, 1973; for review see Orban, 1984), as well as the spatial structure of their receptive fields (RFs) with regard to ON/OFF and excitatory/inhibitory regions, respectively (Hubel & Wiesel, 1959, 1962; Jones & Palmer, 1987a, 1987b; Joneset al., 1987; Ferster, 1988).”
BackgroundEstimating smile intensity: A better way
Girard, J. M., Cohn, J. F., & De la Torre, F. (2015) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2014.10.004 · Cited by 44
“Gabor wavelets are biologically-inspired filters, operating in a similar fashion to simple receptive fields in mammalian visual systems (Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
A Cognitive Approach for Object Discovery
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“It has been shown that the concentric fields are modeled best with a two-dimensional Difference-of-Gaussian (DoG) function [25], while the elongated fields are modeled best with Gabor filters [18].”
MethodLearning Blind Quality Evaluator for Stereoscopic Images Using Joint Sparse Representation
Shao, F., Li, K., Lin, W., Jiang, G., & Dai, Q. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2016.2594142 · Cited by 44
“The binocular energy model is widely accepted as a standard model for stereopsis [49].”
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Carlson, K. D., Richert, M., Dutt, N. D., & Krichmar, J. L. (2013) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6706961 · Cited by 51
“Experiments show simple cells in visual cortical area V1 have Gaussian tuning curves [39] in response to visual bar stimuli [40].”
BackgroundSymbols as Self-emergent Entities in an Optimization Process of Feature Extraction and Predictions
Peter König, B., & Krüger, N. (2006) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-006-0050-3 · Cited by 45
“For example, the activation of simple cells in primary visual cortex is well described by a convolution of the stimulus with a kernel defining its linear receptive field (Jones and Palmer 1987).”
BackgroundLocal Regression and Likelihood
Mitra, P. P., & Bokil, H. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178081.003.0013 · Cited by 45
A NEURAL SYSTEM FOR THE RECOGNITION OF PARTIALLY OCCLUDED OBJECTS IN CLUTTERED SCENES: A PILOT STUDY
Wiskott, L., & von der Malsburg, C. (1993) · International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1142/s0218001493000479 · Cited by 44
“Our system uses a data format — fields of units with local receptive fields in the form of oriented edge detectors on different resolution levels — that is closely related to that of vertebrate visual cortex [9, 10].”
BackgroundMethodAffine real-time face tracking using a wavelet network
Krüger, V., Happe, A., & Sommer, G. (2003) · Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures · doi:10.1109/ratfg.1999.799237 · Cited by 45
Rapid vanishing point estimation for general road detection
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“The kernels of Gabor wavelet filters are quite similar to the 2D receptive field profiles of the mammalian cortical simple cells and show suitable characteristics of spatial locality and orientation selectivity [18].”
BackgroundA novel fuzzy multimodal information fusion technology for human biometric traits identification
Monwar, M. M., Gavrilova, M. L., & Wang, Y. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics · doi:10.1109/coginf.2011.6016128 · Cited by 42
Blind quality estimator for 3D images based on binocular combination and extreme learning machine
Zhou, W., Yu, L., Zhou, Y., Qiu, W., Wu, M., & Luo, T. (2017) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2017.06.008 · Cited by 42
Car recognition using Gabor filter feature extraction
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The Integration of Multiple Stimulus Features by V1 Neurons
Grunewald, A., & Skoumbourdis, E. K. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1884-04.2004 · Cited by 42
“…and phase are different concepts, they appear to be related because the same spatial Gabor filter (although with different parameter settings) believed to be underlying simple and complex cell responses gives rise to all of them (Daugman, 1985; Jones and Palmer, 1987; Parker and Hawken, 1988).”
BackgroundA Simple Model of Optimal Population Coding for Sensory Systems
Doi, E., & Lewicki, M. S. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003761 · Cited by 43
“These results qualitatively match response properties of simple-cells in the primary visual cortex [10–13], but not those of retinal output neurons (retinal ganglion cells; RGCs) that exhibit a center-surround type receptive field [14–16].”
ResultAn efficient algorithm to compute the complete set of discrete Gabor coefficients
Wang, L., Chen, C.-T., & Lin, W. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.265984 · Cited by 42
The visual cortical association field: A Gestalt concept or a psychophysiological entity?
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“The form, the spatial frequency and the anisotropy along the main orientation axis precisely reproduce the spatial sensitivity profiles of cortical discharge fields [8, 19 ].”
BackgroundOrientation discrimination in human vision: Psychophysics and modeling
Beaudot, W. H. A., & Mullen, K. T. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.016 · Cited by 43
“The linear input stage is a 2D Gabor filter with an even profile similar to the oriented receptive field found in VI simple cells (Jones & Palmer, 1987).”
Human Face Image Recognition: An Evidence Aggregation Approach
Mirhosseini, A. R., Yan, H., Lam, K., & Pham, T. D. (1998) · Computer Vision and Image Understanding · doi:10.1006/cviu.1998.0710 · Cited by 43
Coding Facial Expressions with Gabor Wavelets (IVC Special Issue)Preprint
Lyons, M. J., Kamachi, M., & Gyoba, J. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.05938 · Cited by 42
“Gabor wavelet functions approximately model V1 simple cell while the amplitude of the complex Gabor transform models complex cells [4,7,17].”
Population coding under normalization
Ringach, D. L. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.12.007 · Cited by 40
“Sharp tuning is achieved as the number of effective subregions increases or if their individual aspect ratio is increased (Jones & Palmer, 1987; Ringach, 2002).”
BackgroundRole of Homeostasis in Learning Sparse Representations
Perrinet, L. (2010) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2010.05-08-795 · Cited by 41
“The filters were fitted by Gabor functions (Jones & Palmer, 1987).”
BackgroundMethodHARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF STOCHASTIC SPIKING NEURAL NETWORKS
Rosselló, J. L., Canals, V., Morro, A., & Oliver, A. (2012) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065712500141 · Cited by 41
An evolutionary single Gabor kernel based filter approach to face recognition
Dora, L., Agrawal, S., Panda, R., & Abraham, A. (2017) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2017.04.011 · Cited by 41
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LOCAL GABOR BINARY PATTERNS BASED ON MUTUAL INFORMATION FOR FACE RECOGNITION
Zhang, W., Shan, S., Chen, X., & Gao, W. (2007) · International Journal of Image and Graphics · doi:10.1142/s021946780700291x · Cited by 41
Gaussian wavelet transform: Two alternative fast implementations for images
Navarro, R., & Tabernero, A. (1991) · Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/bf01937176 · Cited by 41
Hashmi, A. G., Nere, A., Thomas, J. J., & Lipasti, M. H. (2011) · International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) · doi:10.1145/1950365.1950385 · Cited by 39
“Once the input images are preprocessed using the LGN/Log-polar transform, they are exposed to a layer of hypercolumns with properties similar to Gabor filter banks [22], which models the organization of the first level of the visual cortex hierarchy.”
MethodA structural and relational approach to handwritten word recognition
Buse, R., Liu, Z.-Q., & Caelli, T. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics) · doi:10.1109/3477.623237 · Cited by 40
“Jones [33] tested Daugman’s modeling of the visual cortex as a 2-D Gabor filter, and concluded that the 2-D Gabor filter can reasonably model most spatial aspects of the visual cortex.”
MethodContent-based image retrieval system for solid waste bin level detection and performance evaluation
Hannan, M. A., Arebey, M., Begum, R. A., Basri, H., & Mamun, M. A. A. (2016) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.046 · Cited by 40
Evidence for a spinal involvement in temporal pain contrast enhancement
Sprenger, C., Stenmans, P., Tinnermann, A., & Büchel, C. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.003 · Cited by 40
“Based on the findings of this experiment showing a considerable central contribution and the fact that filtering of sensory information commences in other modalities already at a very early stage of processing (Jones and Palmer, 1987; Meister and Berry, 1999; Ulanovsky et al., 2004), we hypothesized that OA-related ne…”
Deep convolutional extreme learning machines: Filters combination and error model validation
Santos, M. M., Filho, A. G. D. S., & dos Santos, W. P. (2018) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2018.10.063 · Cited by 40
The statistics of how natural images drive the responses of neurons
Iyer, A. V., & Burge, J. (2019) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/19.13.4 · Cited by 40
“There is a long history of using Gabor functions to describe the receptive fields of simple cells in early visual cortex (Jones & Palmer, 1987a, 1987b), but empirical data Downloaded from jov.arvojournals.org on 11/06/2019 suggest that log-Gabors may provide a better characterization of receptive…”
BackgroundMethodChapter 11 Beyond the classical receptive field in the visual cortex
Freeman, R. D., Ohzawa, I., & Walker, G. (2001) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(01)34012-8 · Cited by 40
Visual localization of the center of mass of compact, asymmetric, two-dimensional shapes.
Baud‐Bovy, G., & Soechting, J. F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.3.692 · Cited by 40
Quantifying human sensitivity to spatio-temporal information in dynamic faces
Dobs, K., Bülthoff, I., Breidt, M., Vuong, Q. C., Curio, C., & Schultz, J. (2014) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.04.009 · Cited by 40
“However, Gabor filters based on known properties of neurons found in early visual cortex (e.g., Jones & Palmer, 1987) remove these high spatial frequencies.”
Spatial pooling in the second-order spatial structure of cortical complex cells
Sakai, K., & Tanaka, S. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00230-8 · Cited by 40
Facial feature extraction using complex dual-tree wavelet transform
Çelik, T., Özkaramanlı, H., & Demirel, H. (2007) · Computer Vision and Image Understanding · doi:10.1016/j.cviu.2007.12.001 · Cited by 40
A Cortical-Inspired Geometry for Contour Perception and Motion Integration
Barbieri, D., Citti, G., Cocci, G., & Sarti, A. (2014) · Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision · doi:10.1007/s10851-013-0482-z · Cited by 40
“Daugman [13] proposed a criterion of minimal uncertainty for the shape receptive profile, which results in two dimensional spatial Gabor filters, that was later confirmed by Jones and Palmer [32] and Ringach [50].”
BackgroundResultLocal tuning biases in mouse primary visual cortex
Jimenez, L. O., Tring, E., Trachtenberg, J. T., & Ringach, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00150.2018 · Cited by 40
“We computed separate ON and OFF maps for each cell by correlating their responses with the location of the bright and dark disks, respectively (Jones and Palmer 1987; Fig.”
MethodBaker, G. E., Thompson, I. D., Krug, K., Smyth, D., & Tolhurst, D. J. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00276.x · Cited by 40
Polat, U., & Norcia, A. M. (1998) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00426-4 · Cited by 40
“Jones and Palmer [32] measured simple cell receptive field profiles using reverse correlation methods.”
Improving object recognition by transforming Gabor filter responses
Pötzsch, M., Krüger, N., & von der Malsburg, C. (1996) · Network Computation in Neural Systems · doi:10.1088/0954-898x/7/2/015 · Cited by 40
“The Gabor filters seem to be a good approximation to the sensitivity profiles of neurons found in visual cortex of higher vertebrates (see e.g. [ 6 ]).”
BackgroundPoullis, C. (2014) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.06.006 · Cited by 39
Edge integration in achromatic color perception and the lightness-darkness asymmetry
Rudd, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/13.14.18 · Cited by 39
Ghodrati, M., Khaligh‐Razavi, S., Ebrahimpour, R., Rajaei, K., & Pooyan, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032357 · Cited by 39
“Gabor filter fit very well the receptive field weight functions found in simple cells in primary visual cortex [38].”
BackgroundEncoding and decoding V1 fMRI responses to natural images with sparse nonparametric models
Vu, V. Q., Ravikumar, P., Naselaris, T., Kay, K., Gallant, J. L., & Yu, B. (2011) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/11-aoas476 · Cited by 39
“…the BOLD signal by the linear time invariant system model [Friston, Jezzard and Turner (1994)], Bv(t) = n∑ k=1 ∑ τ∈Tk Av(k)hv(t − τ), where n is the number of images, Tk is the set of times at which image k is presented to the subject, and Av(k) is the amplitude of the voxel’s response to image k.”
MethodInvariant Recognition Shapes Neural Representations of Visual Input
Tacchetti, A., Işık, L., & Poggio, T. (2018) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034103 · Cited by 41
“This property has been observed in cats ( Jones & Palmer 1987), macaque monkeys (Ringach 2002), and mice (Niell & Stryker 2008).”
BackgroundMulti-modal facial expression feature based on deep-neural networks
Wei, W., Jia, Q., Feng, Y., Chen, G., & Chu, M. (2019) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-019-00308-9 · Cited by 39
On the Analysis and Interpretation of Inhomogeneous Quadratic Forms as Receptive Fields
Berkes, P., & Wiskott, L. (2006) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.8.1868 · Cited by 40
“In almost all cases x + looks like a Gabor wavelet, in agreement with physiological data for neurons of the primary visual cortex (Pollen and Ronner, 1981; Adelson and Bergen, 1985; Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
BackgroundResultStimulus configuration determines the detectability of motion signals in noise
Verghese, P., McKee, S. P., & Grzywacz, N. M. (2000) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.17.001525 · Cited by 39
Neural Image Processing Strategies Applied in Real-Time Pattern Recognition
Daugman, J. G. (1997) · Real-Time Imaging · doi:10.1006/rtim.1996.0058 · Cited by 39
Hierarchical Models of the Visual System
Serre, T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_345-1 · Cited by 41
“A good 2D mathematical model of simple cells’ receptive fields is the Gabor function (Jones and Palmer, 1987), which is given by the following equation: s.t. ˆ i = i cos θ + j sin θ and ˆ j = − i sin θ + j cos θ.”
BackgroundMethodLGN-CNN: A biologically inspired CNN architecture
Bertoni, F., Citti, G., & Sarti, A. (2021) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2021.09.024 · Cited by 38
End-to-end neural system identification with neural information flow
Seeliger, K., Ambrogioni, L., Güçlütürk, Y., van den Bulk, L. M., Güçlü, U., & van Gerven, M. A. J. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008558 · Cited by 38
“Several well-known feature detection mechanisms of V1 arise, such as Gabor-like response profiles [40].”
BackgroundInvariance of visual operations at the level of receptive fields
Lindeberg, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066990 · Cited by 39
Tailby, C., Solomon, S. G., Peirce, J. W., & Metha, A. B. (2007) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523807070022 · Cited by 38
Reverse correlation of rapid calcium signals in the zebrafish optic tectum in vivo
Ramdya, P. P., Reiter, B., & Engert, F. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.04.021 · Cited by 39
A modular artificial neural network for texture processing
Hulle, M. M. V., & Tollenaere, T. (1993) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(05)80070-x · Cited by 38
Support vector machine classification of strong gravitational lenses
Hartley, P., Flamary, R., Jackson, N. J., Tagore, A., & Metcalf, R. B. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1733 · Cited by 38
“…we have developed is similarly general in its approach, with a feature set obtained by the use of a Gabor filtering kernel, a popular choice within machine learning image recognition methods and thought to mimic part of the image processing functions of the mammalian brain (Jones & Palmer 1987).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, J. P., & Palmer, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1987-12-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1233-1258
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1914401667
- Cited by
- 1,658
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 6.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01-EY-04638)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- simple cells, spatial linearity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cats, Mathematics, Models, Neurological, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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