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An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex
Abstract
1. Using the two-dimensional (2D) spatial and spectral response profiles described in the previous two reports, we test Daugman's generalization of Marcelja's hypothesis that simple receptive fields belong to a class of linear spatial filters analogous to those described by Gabor and referred to here as 2D Gabor filters. 2. In the space domain, we found 2D Gabor filters that fit the 2D spatial response profile of each simple cell in the least-squared error sense (with a simplex algorithm), and we show that the residual error is devoid of spatial structure and statistically indistinguishable from random error. 3. Although a rigorous statistical approach was not possible with our spectral data, we also found a Gabor function that fit the 2D spectral response profile of each simple cell and observed that the residual errors are everywhere small and unstructured. 4. As an assay of spatial linearity in two dimensions, on which the applicability of Gabor theory is dependent, we compare the filter parameters estimated from the independent 2D spatial and spectral measurements described above. Estimates of most parameters from the two domains are highly correlated, indicating that assumptions about spatial linearity are valid. 5. Finally, we show that the functional form of the 2D Gabor filter provides a concise mathematical expression, which incorporates the important spatial characteristics of simple receptive fields demonstrated in the previous two reports. Prominent here are 1) Ca…
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“There is some evidence that certain cells in the mammalian visual cortex (responsible for the perception of texture) can be approximated by such filters [40]”
From A Survey of Underwater Acoustic Data Classification Methods Using Deep Learning for Shoreline Surveillance (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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“It is sensitive to the edge of the image, which can provide good direction-scale selection characteristics, and is insensitive to illumination changes, confronting changes in illumination with appropriate adaptation (Jones and Palmer, 1987; Fu et al., 2020).”
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“…Volgushev et al. (1996), who found that predictions of orientation tuning widthorientation selectivity of the synaptic input to a simple cell, whereas Jones and Palmer (1987a) and Gardner et and offset from the spatial organization of simple cell receptive fields far exceeded the measured tuningal.”
BackgroundInfluentialMapping of Stimulus Energy in Primary Visual Cortex
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“The shape of this receptive field is given by a three-dimensional Gaussian (Gaska et al. 1994; Jones and Palmer 1987; McLean and Palmer 1994).”
BackgroundMethodDetection of blood vessels in the retina with multiscale Gabor filters
Rangayyan, R. M., Ayres, F. J., Oloumi, F., Oloumi, F., & Eshghzadeh-Zanjani, P. (2008) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.2907209 · Cited by 82
Fast and Robust Learning by Reinforcement Signals: Explorations in the Insect Brain
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“It is well known that in the visual system, so-called on cells, which respond to light in their receptive field, coexist with off cells, which are particularly active when their receptive field does not contain light (Jones & Palmer, 1987; DeAngelis, Ohzawa, & Freeman, 1993).”
BackgroundA model of contextual interactions and contour detection in primary visual cortex
Ursino, M., & Cara, G. E. L. (2004) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2004.03.007 · Cited by 81
“(1)), have been given to reproduce experimental results obtained by fitting Gabor functions to spatial receptive fields measured with the reverse correlation technique (Jones & Palmer, 1987a,b).”
MethodMultifeature-Based Surround Inhibition Improves Contour Detection in Natural Images
Yang, K.-F., Li, C.-Y., & Li, Y. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2014.2361210 · Cited by 81
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Hotta, K. (2008) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2008.04.008 · Cited by 81
“It is known that Gabor filters are well fitted to the receptive field profiles of the simple cells of the cat visual cortex [31].”
BackgroundHandwritten-Word Spotting Using Biologically Inspired Features
van der Zant, T., Schomaker, L., & Haak, K. V. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2008.144 · Cited by 81
“impulse response is defined by a harmonic function multiplied by a Gaussian function [36].”
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“D Gabor function in specific domain can be represented by (Jones and Palmer 1987) G k; lð Þ ¼ E k; lð ÞC k; lð Þ ð12Þ where C(k, l) is the sinusoidal signal known as carrier and E(k, l) is the 2-”
BackgroundPredictive feedback can account for biphasic responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus
Jehee, J. F. M., & Ballard, D. H. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000373 · Cited by 75
“that match their receptive field properties (rather than decrease [56]), in accordance with neurophysiology [27,57–59].”
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On the Origin of the Functional Architecture of the Cortex
Ringach, D. L. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000251 · Cited by 73
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“…cells were modeled by linear filters followed by half-wave rectification (Movshon et al. 1978b; Andrews and Pollen 1979; Glezer et al. 1980; Kulikowski and Bishop 1981) and Gabor functions proved to be particularly well suited for this purpose (Marcelja 1980; Daugman 1985; Jones and Palmer 1987).”
MethodAnderson, S. J., Burr, D. C., & Morrone, M. C. (1991) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.8.001340 · Cited by 76
Full identification of a linear-nonlinear system via cross-correlation analysis
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Selectivity and sparseness in the responses of striate complex cells
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“The resulting receptive fields resemble Gabor functions, similar to striate simple cells ( Jones & Palmer, 1987 ), although not incorporating the rectifying non-linearity of actual simple cells.”
BackgroundAn approach to multi-modal human–machine interaction for intelligent service robots
Böhme, H.-J., Wilhelm, T., Key, J., Schauer, C., Schröter, C., Groß, H., & Hempel, T. (2003) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/s0921-8890(03)00012-5 · Cited by 73
“Compared to classical orientation-speci c ltering with Gabor wavelets [11] or steerable lters [8], this method is faster by orders of magnitude.”
MethodUsing visual texture for information display
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A model for the intracortical origin of orientation preference and tuning in macaque striate cortex
Adorján, P., Levitt, J. B., Lund, J. S., & Obermayer, K. (1999) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523899162114 · Cited by 73
“Jones & Palmer (1987a) for cat area 17].** This effect is a consequence of the finite thresholds of the thalamic and cortical transfer functions.”
BackgroundMethodBiologically Motivated Multi-modal Processing of Visual Primitives
Kr, N., Lappe, M., & Woergoetter, F. (2003) · Cited by 73
Biologically Inspired Blind Quality Assessment of Tone-Mapped Images
Yue, G., Hou, C., Gu, K., Mao, S., & Zhang, W. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2739708 · Cited by 72
“g(x, y, σ, λ, ψ) is the Gabor filter to simulate the spatial sensitivity distributions of each individual color component [28].”
BackgroundImage Segmentation Using a Sparse Coding Model of Cortical Area V1
Spratling, M. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2012.2235850 · Cited by 73
Nonlinear V1 responses to natural scenes revealed by neural network analysis
Prenger, R., Wu, M. C.-K., David, S. V., & Gallant, J. L. (2004) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2004.03.008 · Cited by 78
“Performance of the neural network algorithm was first assessed by estimating the stimulus-response function of a model simple cell (Fig. 3). The model consisted of a linear spatial Gabor filter modulated by a biphasic temporal response ( Jones & Palmer, 1987 ), followed by a rectifying nonlinearity.”
Krüger, N. (1998) · Neural Processing Letters · doi:10.1023/a:1009688428205 · Cited by 72
“Jones et al. [ 4 ] recorded neurons with Gabor wavelet-like sensitivity in V1, and Gabor wavelet-like filters can be learned from the statistics of natural images by applying the restrictions ‘information preservation’ and ‘sparse coding’ (Ohlshausen et al. [6]).”
MethodAn ON–OFF Orientation Selective Address Event Representation Image Transceiver Chip
Choi, T. Y. W., Shi, B. E., & Boahen, K. A. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2003.822551 · Cited by 72
“In the functional model, the RF profile is the filter’s impulse response reflected around the and axes.”
MethodEnhanced Biologically Inspired Model for Object Recognition
Huang, Y., Huang, K., Tao, D., Tan, T., & Li, X. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics) · doi:10.1109/tsmcb.2011.2158418 · Cited by 70
“The Gabor filter is similar to the receptive field profiles in the mammalian cortical simple cells [32], and has good orientation and frequency selectivity for image processing.”
Evaluation of internal noise methods for Hotelling observer models
Zhang, Y., Pham, B. T., & Eckstein, M. P. (2007) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.2756603 · Cited by 70
Khaligh‐Razavi, S., Henriksson, L., Kay, K., & Kriegeskorte, N. (2016) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2016.10.007 · Cited by 75
“The aim of GWP has been to model early stages of visual information processing, and it has been shown that 2D Gabor filters can provide a good fit to the receptive field weight functions found in simple cells of cat striate cortex (Jones & Palmer, 1987).”
MethodContrast Gain Control in the Visual Cortex: Monocular Versus Binocular Mechanisms
Truchard, A. M., Ohzawa, I., & Freeman, R. D. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-08-03017.2000 · Cited by 70
“Both intracellular (Ferster, 1988) and extracellular (Movshon et al., 1978; Jones and Palmer, 1987; DeAngelis et al., 1993) studies of simple cells have supported the view that simple cells are predominantly linear.”
BackgroundMethodNovel Quantitative Imaging for Predicting Response to Therapy: Techniques and Clinical Applications
Bera, K., Velcheti, V., & Madabhushi, A. (2018) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_199747 · Cited by 69
Sensory cortex is optimized for prediction of future input
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“Hand-crafted features, which laid the basis of modern computational neuroscience (Jones & Palmer, 1987), do not carry us beyond restricted lower-level tuning functions.”
BackgroundAn efficient automated parameter tuning framework for spiking neural networks
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“The synaptic connections between the On(Off)Buffer neurons and the Exc neurons in Figure 6B formed receptive fields that resembled Gabor filters, which have been used extensively to model V1 simple cell responses (Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
MethodHAND POSTURE AND FACE RECOGNITION USING A FUZZY-ROUGH APPROACH
Pisharady, P. K., Vadakkepat, P., & Loh, A. P. (2010) · International Journal of Humanoid Robotics · doi:10.1142/s0219843610002180 · Cited by 69
Texture edge detection by modelling visual cortical channels
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A comparison of two computer-based face identification systems with human perceptions of faces
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“The development of von der Malsburg et al's system was guided by a dynamic link theory of binding (von der Malsburg, 1985; Bienenstock and Doursat, 1991) and the Gabor wavelets which it uses have been likened to receptive fields in primary visual cortex (e.g. Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
Naive Gabor Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification
Liu, C., Li, J., He, L., Plaza, A., Shutao Li, A., & Li, B. H. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.2978760 · Cited by 67
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Local motion detectors cannot account for the detectability of an extended trajectory in noise
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Capturing hair assemblies fiber by fiber
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A spherical model for orientation and spatial–frequency tuning in a cortical hypercolumn
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A biological foundation for spatial–numerical associations: the brain's asymmetric frequency tuning
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Separating the chaff from the wheat: possible origins of the oblique effect
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Receptive Fields of Disparity-Tuned Simple Cells in Macaque V1
Tsao, D. Y., Conway, B. R., & Livingstone, M. S. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00150-8 · Cited by 64
“This model is based on the hypothesis that simple cell receptive fields are well modeled by Gabor functions (Marcelja 1980, Daugman 1985, Jones and Palmer 1987).”
MethodSize and distortion invariant object recognition by hierarchical graph matching
Buhmann, J. M., Lades, M. H., & von der Malsburg, C. (1990) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.1990.137747 · Cited by 64
Visual Saliency Modeling for River Detection in High-Resolution SAR Imagery
Gao, F., Ma, F., Wang, J., Sun, J., Yang, E., & Zhou, H. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2777444 · Cited by 63
“Its direction and frequency selectivity for stimulations can be modeled by a two-dimensional Gabor function [29], [30].”
BackgroundEimon, P. M., Ghannad‐Rezaie, M., Rienzo, G. D., Allalou, A., Wu, Y., Gao, M., Roy, A., Skolnick, J., & Yanik, M. F. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02404-4 · Cited by 65
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“sensitive neurons in the primary visual cortex [31–34].”
BackgroundMethodFirst- and second-order information in natural images: a filter-based approach to image statistics
Johnson, A. P., & Baker, C. L. (2004) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.21.000913 · Cited by 61
Object Detection and Recognition for Assistive Robots: Experimentation and Implementation
Martínez-Martín, E., & del Pobil, A. P. (2017) · IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine · doi:10.1109/mra.2016.2615329 · Cited by 62
“A neuroscientific viewpoint reveals that Gabor filters is the approach with a higher biological plausibility [74] [75] [76] [77].”
BackgroundA comparison of Gabor filter methods for automatic detection of facial landmarks
Fasel, I., Bartlett, M. S., & Movellan, J. R. (2003) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/afgr.2002.1004161 · Cited by 61
“Gabor filter banks [4] are reasonable models of visual processing in primary visual cortex [5, 3] and are one of the most successful approaches for processing images of the human face [6, 1, 2, 8].”
BackgroundContrast-Dependent Nonlinearities Arise Locally in a Model of Contrast-Invariant Orientation Tuning
Kayser, A. S., Priebe, N. J., & Miller, K. D. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.2130 · Cited by 61
Intracellular, In Vivo , Dynamics of Thalamocortical Synapses in Visual Cortex
Sedigh-Sarvestani, M., Vigeland, L. E., Fernández‐Lamo, I., Taylor, M. M., Palmer, L. A., & Contreras, D. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3370-16.2017 · Cited by 60
“We classified V1 neurons as either simple (n 24) or complex (n 20) based on their RF structure (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Jones and Palmer, 1987) and the degree of firing rate modulation to drifting gratings (Skottun et al.”
MethodSelf-citationModels and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
Issa, N. P., Rosenberg, A., & Husson, T. R. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90211.2008 · Cited by 60
“…regions of Area 17 (Boyd and Matsubara 1996; Shoham et al. 1997), cortical neurons derive their narrow SF tuning curves from their elongated, opponent receptive field subunits, not from the broadly tuned LGN inputs to Area 17 (Jones and Palmer 1987a,b; Jones et al. 1987; Lampl et al. 2001).”
Seeing structure: Shape skeletons modulate perceived similarity
Lowet, A. S., Firestone, C., & Scholl, B. J. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1457-8 · Cited by 60
“Inspired by the Gabor-like filtering of simple cells in V1 (Jones & Palmer, 1987), this model overlays sets (or “jets”) of 40 Gabor filters (5 scales × 8 orientations) on each pixel of a 128 × 128-pixel image and calculates the convolution of the input image with each filter, storing both the…”
MethodCorner detection in color images through a multiscale combination of end-stopped cortical cells
Würtz, R. P., & Lourens, T. (2000) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/s0262-8856(99)00061-x · Cited by 60
“Various mathematical functions can be used to model responses of those cells, one of them, which we will adapt here, are two dimensional Gabor functions (Marčelja, 1980; Daugman, 1985; Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
BackgroundBakhtiari, S., Mineault, P., Lillicrap, T., Pack, C. C., & Richards, B. A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.448989 · Cited by 65
Dynamic Receptive Field Generation for Full-Reference Image Quality Assessment
Kim, W., Nguyen, D. C., Lee, S., & Bovik, A. C. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2020.2968283 · Cited by 59
“For example, the well-known Gabor-wavelet decompositions are widely used to model neuronal receptive fields in the primary visual cortex [9], [17], [18].”
MethodAttention Modifies Spatial Resolution According to Task Demands
Barbot, A., & Carrasco, M. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616679634 · Cited by 59
“Finescale analysis is mediated by the smaller-receptive-field, high-SF neurons: The smaller the neuron’s receptive field, the higher its preferred SF (DeValois & DeValois, 1988; Jones & Palmer, 1987).”
BackgroundVisual category representations in the infant brain
Xie, S., Hoehl, S., Moeskops, M., Kayhan, E., Kliesch, C., Turtleton, B., Köster, M., & Cichy, R. M. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.016 · Cited by 58
Global Correlation Descriptor: A novel image representation for image retrieval
Feng, L., Wu, J., Liu, S., & Zhang, H. (2015) · Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation · doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.09.002 · Cited by 58
A primer on encoding models in sensory neuroscience
van Gerven, M. A. J. (2016) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2016.06.009 · Cited by 62
Complex-cell receptive field models
Spitzer, H., & Hochstein, S. (1988) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(88)90016-0 · Cited by 58
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Mapping the similarity space of paintings: Image statistics and visual perception
Graham, D. J., Friedenberg, J. D., Rockmore, D. N., & Field, D. J. (2009) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280902934454 · Cited by 57
“These included the first four statistical moments of image pixel intensity histograms (mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis); the slope of the spatial frequency amplitude spectra averaged over orientation and plotted on log-log axes; statistical moments of modelled retinal (difference-of-Gaussians, DoG; see, eg, Graham,…”
BackgroundArtificial Intelligence and Applications
Rozario, L. J., Haque, M., & Uddin, M. (2015) · Artificial Intelligence and Applications · doi:10.15764/aia.2015.01001 · Cited by 56
“In image processing, a Gabor filter [14] is named after Dennis Gabor, which is a linear filter used for edge detection.”
MethodBSD: Blind image quality assessment based on structural degradation
Li, Q., Lin, W., & Fang, Y. (2016) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2016.09.105 · Cited by 56
The Operating Point of the Cortex: Neurons as Large Deviation Detectors
Ringach, D. L., & Malone, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1048-07.2007 · Cited by 55
“A simplified model of this transformation is one in which the instantaneous spike rate is obtained by passing a generator potential through a static nonlinearity (Fig.”
BackgroundMethodMethods for Facial Expression Recognition with Applications in Challenging Situations
Pise, A. A., Alqahtani, M. A., Verma, P., Purushothama, K., Karras, D. A., Prathibha, S., & Halifa, A. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/9261438 · Cited by 64
Detection of Gabor patterns of different sizes, shapes, phases and eccentricities
Foley, J. M., Varadharajan, S., Koh, C. C., & Farias, M. C. Q. (2006) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.09.005 · Cited by 55
Stimulus ensemble and cortical layer determine V1 spatial receptive fields
Yeh, C.-I., Xing, D., Williams, P. E., & Shapley, R. M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0907406106 · Cited by 57
Multimodal biometric system using face, ear and gait biometrics
Yazdanpanah, A. P., Karim Faez, A., & Amirfattahi, R. (2010) · International Conference on Information Science, Signal Processing and their Applications (ISSPA) · doi:10.1109/isspa.2010.5605477 · Cited by 55
Information Processing Strategies and Pathways in the Primate Visual System .
Essen, D. C. V., & Anderson, C. H. (1995) · Cited by 55
Human vision combines oriented filters to compute edges
Georgeson, M. A. (1992) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1992.0110 · Cited by 55
Montijn, J. S., Goltstein, P. M., & Pennartz, C. M. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.10163 · Cited by 46
“…fixed roles in encoding visual features, but modulate their activation in a temporally dynamic manner based on attentional needs that can influence perception (e.g. Jones and Palmer, 1987; Itti et al., 1998; Desimone, 1998; Dayan and Abbott, 2001; Deco and Rolls, 2004; Reynolds and Heeger, 2009).”
Coding of the contrasts in natural images by populations of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1)
Clatworthy, P. L., Chirimuuta, M., Lauritzen, J. S., & Tolhurst, D. J. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00277-3 · Cited by 54
Representation of Cross-Frequency Spatial Phase Relationships in Human Visual Cortex
Henriksson, L., Hyvärinen, A., & Vanni, S. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3136-09.2009 · Cited by 54
“Simple cells in the primary visual cortex (V1) may be approximated by oriented bandpass filters of different phase selectivity and size (Jones and Palmer, 1987; Ringach, 2002).”
Gabor feature-based apple quality inspection using kernel principal component analysis
Zhu, B., Jiang, L., Luo, Y., & Tao, Y. (2007) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.01.008 · Cited by 54
“Gabor wavelets have successfully modeled the response of brain cells in the visual cortex (Jones & Palmer, 1987) since they optimally represent the textural structure with different locations and orientations.”
MethodLazar, A. A., & Pnevmatikakis, E. A. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.2010.2103323 · Cited by 54
Coupled convolution layer for convolutional neural network
Uchida, K., Tanaka, M., & Okutomi, M. (2018) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2018.05.002 · Cited by 54
Skeleton-based action recognition by part-aware graph convolutional networks
Qin, Y., Mo, L., Li, C., & Luo, J. (2019) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-019-01644-3 · Cited by 54
“Classical convolutional networks have been proved that various receptive fields result in the scaling invariance [12].”
BackgroundLGN Input to Simple Cells and Contrast-Invariant Orientation Tuning: An Analysis
Troyer, T. W., Krukowski, A. E., & Miller, K. D. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2002.87.6.2741 · Cited by 53
Tang, S., Lee, T. S., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, F., Teo, B., & Jiang, H. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.039 · Cited by 55
Gabor Wavelet Networks for Object Representation
Krüger, V., & Sommer, G. (2000) · Informatik aktuell · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59802-9_39 · Cited by 53
Long-Range, Pattern-Dependent Contextual Effects in Early Human Visual Cortex
Joo, S. J., Boynton, G. M., & Murray, S. O. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.067 · Cited by 52
“The standard model of information processing in early visual cortex is that neurons behave like localized, linear, bandpass filters that are optimized to detect specific features in restricted regions of an image [1–7].”
Park, J.-G., & Kim, K.-J. (2013) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2012.12.072 · Cited by 52
“Jones and Palmer (1987) discovered that simple cells in the visual cortex of the brain of mammals can be modeled by Gabor filters.”
BackgroundRepresentation of spectrotemporal sound information in the ascending auditory pathway
Escabı́, M. A., & Read, H. L. (2003) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-003-0440-8 · Cited by 52
“This led to the development of the spatiotemporal receptive field in the central visual system ( Jones and Palmer 1987; DeAngelis et al. 1993) and the spectrotemporal receptive field (both referred to as STRF) in the auditory system (Hermes et al. 1981).”
BackgroundDynamics of Receptive Field Size in Primary Visual Cortex
Malone, B. J., Kumar, V. R., & Ringach, D. L. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00830.2006 · Cited by 52
“Two-dimensional Gabor functions consisting of the product of a sinusoid with a Gaussian envelope have long been used to fit simple-cell RFs (DeAngelis et al. 1991, 1993a,b; Field and Tolhurst 1986; Jones and Palmer 1987).”
BackgroundMethodInnate Visual Learning through Spontaneous Activity Patterns
Albert, M. V., Schnabel, A., & Field, D. J. (2008) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000137 · Cited by 53
“In adult primary visual cortex, it has been known for nearly half a century that V1 cells respond strongly to bars and edges [35] with later experiments demonstrating that simple cells in V1 have a characteristic filter description much like a 2D gabor function [36,37] as shown in figure 2A.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, J. P., & Palmer, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1987-12-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1233-1258
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1914401667
- Cited by
- 1,658
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 6.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01-EY-04638)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- simple cells, spatial linearity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cats, Mathematics, Models, Neurological, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields, Visual Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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