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An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex
Abstract
1. Using the two-dimensional (2D) spatial and spectral response profiles described in the previous two reports, we test Daugman's generalization of Marcelja's hypothesis that simple receptive fields belong to a class of linear spatial filters analogous to those described by Gabor and referred to here as 2D Gabor filters. 2. In the space domain, we found 2D Gabor filters that fit the 2D spatial response profile of each simple cell in the least-squared error sense (with a simplex algorithm), and we show that the residual error is devoid of spatial structure and statistically indistinguishable from random error. 3. Although a rigorous statistical approach was not possible with our spectral data, we also found a Gabor function that fit the 2D spectral response profile of each simple cell and observed that the residual errors are everywhere small and unstructured. 4. As an assay of spatial linearity in two dimensions, on which the applicability of Gabor theory is dependent, we compare the filter parameters estimated from the independent 2D spatial and spectral measurements described above. Estimates of most parameters from the two domains are highly correlated, indicating that assumptions about spatial linearity are valid. 5. Finally, we show that the functional form of the 2D Gabor filter provides a concise mathematical expression, which incorporates the important spatial characteristics of simple receptive fields demonstrated in the previous two reports. Prominent here are 1) Ca…
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“There is some evidence that certain cells in the mammalian visual cortex (responsible for the perception of texture) can be approximated by such filters [40]”
From A Survey of Underwater Acoustic Data Classification Methods Using Deep Learning for Shoreline Surveillance (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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“Therefore, we utilize Gabor filter [14] to check the local homogeneity of the image.”
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“IT activities embody a basis set for simultaneously representing the skeletons and the external shapes of complex objects [1]; 2) Orientation features in the V1 visual cortex are encoded using a similar pattern of Gabor filter [23]; 3) The Gaussian filter is a well-established model of neurons in the visual cortex [26…”
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“They also found that groups of neurons respond to bars and lines at different angles (a response that is similar to using a Gabor filter [15]).”
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Nazarkevych, M., Oliarnyk, R., & Dmytruk, S. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (CSIT) · doi:10.1109/stc-csit.2017.8098770 · Cited by 17
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Locally lateral manifolds of normalised Gabor features for face recognition
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“In principle, Gabor features were proven as analogous to simple biological receptive fields [9] as it can extract local information effectively within areas in the face since the information at the centre of Gaussian is more effective during convolution than those which are further outwards.”
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“Due to their similar spatial response profiles these simple cells have been modelled as Gabor filters with relative success (Field & Tolhurst, 1986; Jones & Palmer, 1987).”
MethodAutonomous learning of smooth pursuit and vergence through active efficient coding
Vikram, T. N., Teulière, C., Zhang, C., Shi, B. E., & Triesch, J. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL) · doi:10.1109/devlrn.2014.6983022 · Cited by 17
“From a biological perspective, receptive fields of the so called simple cells in the primary visual cortex have Gabor-like structures and are sensitive to orientation, contrast, luminance, speed and direction of motion [21], [13].”
BackgroundIntelligent Line Segment Perception With Cortex-Like Mechanisms
Liu, X., Cao, Z., Gu, N., Nahavandi, S., Zhou, C., & Tan, M. H. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems · doi:10.1109/tsmc.2015.2415764 · Cited by 17
“Mathematically, the simple cell’s receptive field is usually described as a Gabor function [38].”
BackgroundMethodLiu, S.-S., Zhang, Y., Liu, K., & Li, Y. (2013) · International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) · doi:10.1109/iih-msp.2013.63 · Cited by 17
“…based on the visual cortex and most of visual cortex simple cells filter response can be composed of a set of self-similar 2D Gabor wavelets, Jones [7] proposed the 2D Gabor representation of a facial image which have certain robustness for small rotation, deformation of objects and variant of…”
BackgroundDetection of regularities in the parameters of the atebgabor method for biometric image filtration
Nazarkevych, M., Riznyk, O., Samotyy, V., & Dzelendzyak, U. (2019) · Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies · doi:10.15587/1729-4061.2019.154862 · Cited by 17
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“Many algorithms have been proposed based on some optimality criteria [2~'23] and biological vision [ 24 ].”
MethodMultinomial Bayesian Learning for Modeling Classical and Nonclassical Receptive Field Properties
Hosoya, H. (2012) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_00310 · Cited by 15
“This is qualitatively similar to typical receptive field shapes of V1 simple cells (Hubel & Wiesel, 1968; Jones & Palmer, 1987).”
ResultSparse correlation coefficient for objective image quality assessment
Chang, H.-W., & Wang, M. (2011) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2011.07.003 · Cited by 17
“The spatial receptive fields of simple cells in area V1 can be characterized as being localized, oriented and band-pass: each cell responds to visual stimuli within a restricted and contiguous region of space that is organized into excitatory and inhibitory subfields elongated along a particular direction, and the spa…”
BackgroundCortical Spatiotemporal Dimensionality Reduction for Visual Grouping
Cocci, G., Barbieri, D., Citti, G., & Sarti, A. (2015) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_00738 · Cited by 16
“The RPs of orientation-selective cells in V1 have classically been modeled with twodimensional Gabor functions [24], which basically compute a local approximation of the directional derivative of the visual stimulus, minimizing the uncertainty between localization in position and spatial frequency [13].”
MethodNumerical experiments with cooperating multiple quadratic snakes for road extraction
Nakaguro, Y., Makhanov, S. S., & Dailey, M. N. (2010) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2010.498377 · Cited by 17
“Gabor filters are thought to be good models of the response of simple cells in primary visual cortex (Jones and Palmer 1987).”
BackgroundTowards the introduction of human perception in a natural scene classification system
Nathalie, G., Herve, L. B., Jeanny, H., & Guérin-Dugué, A. (2003) · Machine learning for signal processing ... · doi:10.1109/nnsp.2002.1030050 · Cited by 17
“There are two types of cortical cells: simple cells which can be simulated by in-phase and in-quadrature Gabor filters and the complex cells which integrate the visual stimuli energy [15].”
BackgroundA physiological model of motion analysis for machine vision.
Young, R. A., & Lesperance, R. M. (1993) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · Cited by 17
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“Gabor wavelets describe the response properties of neurons in primary visual cortex (Jones and Palmer, 1987; Ringach, 2002) and are thought to be the basic constituents of natural images.”
BackgroundNatural Images: Coding Efficiency
Graham, D. J., & Field, D. J. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045046-9.00212-6 · Cited by 17
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“According to Jones et al. [47], Gabor filter has the biological characteristics similar to RFs in V1, which is sensitive to the edge information and can effectively perceive edge features.”
Biologically Inspired Progressive Enhancement Target Detection from Heavy Cluttered SAR Images
Gao, F., Ma, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Sun, J., Yang, E., & Hussain, A. (2016) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-016-9405-9 · Cited by 16
“Jones and Palmer [10] proposed a 2D Gabor filter with similar property which achieves optimal localization properties in both spatial domain and frequency domain.”
BackgroundA Fast Orientation Estimation Approach of Natural Images
Cao, Z., Liu, X., Gu, N., Nahavandi, S., Xu, D., Zhou, C., & Tan, M. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems · doi:10.1109/tsmc.2015.2497253 · Cited by 16
“Mathematically, the simple cell’s receptive field is usually described as Gabor function [29].”
BackgroundSpatially distributed computation in cortical circuits
Gepshtein, S., Pawar, A. S., Kwon, S., Savel'ev, S. E., & Albright, T. D. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl5865 · Cited by 15
“In this latter view, early stages of the visual process are described as a bank of filters (58–60) selective for stimulus frequency, where parameters of individual filters (or parameters of the larger system) are readily estimated in psychophysical (32, 34, 39) and physiological (56, 57) studies.”
BackgroundCombined detection of intensity and chromatic contours in color images
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“Its popularity in computer vision and image processing stems from similarity with the receptive fields of simple cells in the cat striate cortex [32].”
BackgroundA model for the origin and development of visual orientation selectivity
Nguyen, G., & Freeman, A. W. (2019) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007254 · Cited by 16
“We have not found a measurement of inhibitory receptive field radius as rigorous as the Jones and Palmer analysis of simple cells.”
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Joosten, B., Postma, E. O., & Krahmer, E. (2015) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-015-0187-2 · Cited by 15
“, [6,9,16]), as the 2D Gabor function is able to model these responses.”
BackgroundDetecting salient contours using orientation energy distribution
Lee, H.-C., & Choe, Y. (2004) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2003.1223343 · Cited by 16
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“As a first approximation (and as is observed in simple cells from V1), the dictionary of primitive shapes will correspond to localized orientation selective edges at different positions and scales resembling Gabor functions [11, 23] at different spatial scales.”
The relatively small decline in orientation acuity as stimulus size decreases
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Saad, M. A., Corriveau, P. J., & Jaladi, R. (2015) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2015.2406861 · Cited by 15
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Wang, X., Ruan, Q., Jin, Y., & An, G. (2014) · EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1186/1687-5281-2014-51 · Cited by 15
“Then, for the purpose of evaluating the performance of the expression processing method, we compare the expression-removed faces with the original faces using the Gabor feature [24] and DT-CWT feature of the whole depth image.”
MethodA few remarks on spatial interference in visual stimuli
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“Also, Jones and Palmer (1987) have suggested that cortical simple cells may be modeled as 2-D Gabor functions.”
BackgroundAn Analysis of Gabor Detection
Kong, A. W. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02611-9_7 · Cited by 15
“, orientation selectivity and trade-off between spatial and frequency resolutions) match the early psychophysical and physiological findings, they were finally confirmed for modeling simple receptive fields through a series of 2D experiments on simple cells of human beings [4] and cats [5-7].”
BackgroundCombining Feature- and Correspondence-Based Methods for Visual Object Recognition
Westphal, G., & Würtz, R. P. (2009) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2009.12-07-675 · Cited by 15
“The simple graph matching employed here can be replaced by the more sophisticated methods from Lades et al. (1993), Wiskott et al. (1997), and Tewes (2006), which should lead to increased robustness under shape and pose variations. In the existing state, the method can also be used for the purposeful initialization of…”
InfluentialEfficient Sparse Coding in Early Sensory Processing: Lessons from Signal Recovery
Lörincz, A., Palotai, Z., & Szirtes, G. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002372 · Cited by 15
“The obtained filters were matched with Gabor filters [36,38] in order to characterize the spatial structures.”
BackgroundMethodLu, Y., Zhang, H., Kang, T., Choi, I.-H., & Lim, M. (2014) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2014.02.046 · Cited by 15
“Among these versions, Gabor functions [22], difference of Gaussians (DOG) [30,31], Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) [32], and Hermite functions [12] are representatives.”
BackgroundDistress Classification of Road Structures via Adaptive Bayesian Network Model Selection
Maeda, K., Takahashi, S., Ogawa, T., & Haseyama, M. (2017) · Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000686 · Cited by 14
Saif, S., Tehsin, S., & Kausar, S. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18113979 · Cited by 15
“a video generates a 3D volume that is extracted using 3D Gabor filters [88].”
MethodA sub-Riemannian model of the visual cortex with frequency and phase
Baspinar, E., Sarti, A., & Citti, G. (2020) · The Journal of Mathematical Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s13408-020-00089-6 · Cited by 15
“The motivation for this choice was relying on an uncertainty principle as was elaborated by Daugman [18] through a generalization of the hypothesis of Marĉelja [63] (see also [47] where Jones and Palmer compared statistically the results obtained via Gabor functions and the neurophysiological results collected from V1…”
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“Simple cell optimal stimuli can be mapped by computing the spike-triggered average of random dot input stimuli and are well described by 2D Gabor functions [45–47].”
BackgroundAn image-based pavement distress detection and classification
Salari, E., & Ouyang, D. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology · doi:10.1109/eit.2012.6220706 · Cited by 15
“For texture feature extraction, we apply a Gabor filter to the image [9].”
MethodExpandable hardware for computing cortical feature maps
Shi, B. E., Tsang, E. K. C., Lam, S., & Meng, Y. (2006) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2006.1693407 · Cited by 15
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“The linear nature of this filtering is justified by the quasilinear summation behavior of simple cells in the visual cortex in response to sinusoidal gratings [Movshon et al. 1978a; Jones and Palmer 1987] and to natural scene stimuli [Smyth et al.”
BackgroundHierarchical self-organization of minicolumnar receptive fields
Lücke, J. (2004) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2004.07.008 · Cited by 15
“, orientation columns in the primary visual cortex are sensitive to basic constituents of natural images which are often mathematical abstracted using Gabor wavelet-filters (Jones and Palmer, 1987).”
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“We modelled neuron responses using 3D Gabor filters 61,62 .”
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De, A., & Horwitz, G. D. (2021) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00547.2020 · Cited by 14
Decoding Pixel-Level Image Features From Two-Photon Calcium Signals of Macaque Visual Cortex
Zhang, Y., Bu, T., Zhang, J., Tang, S., Yu, Z., Liu, J. K., & Huang, T. (2022) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01498 · Cited by 14
“It is commonly assumed that the patterns of neural activity in V1 encode local orientation components of high-order patterns (Jones & Palmer, 1987; Livingstone & Hubel, 1984; Movshon, Thompson, & Tolhurst, 1978; Hubel & Wiesel, 1959).”
BackgroundSelection and enhancement of Gabor filters for automatic speech recognition
Kovács, G., Tóth, L., & Compernolle, D. V. (2014) · International Journal of Speech Technology · doi:10.1007/s10772-014-9246-4 · Cited by 14
“Indeed, it has been shown experimentally that these filters can be used to model the response profile of certain neurons (Jones and Palmer 1987).”
BackgroundSupervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection algorithm based on Gabor wavelet
Liang, J., Hou, Z., Chen, C., & Xu, X. (2016) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-016-0950-1 · Cited by 14
Image authentication based on perceptual hash using Gabor filters
Wang, L., Jiang, X., Lian, S., Hu, D., & Ye, D. (2009) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-009-0529-7 · Cited by 14
“Jones and Palmer (1987) showed that the real part of complex Gabor functions fit very well with the receptive field weight functions found in simple cells in cat striate cortex.”
BackgroundBiological inspired human action recognition
Yousefi, B., Loo, C. K., & Memariani, A. (2013) · IEEE Workshop on Robotic Intelligence in Informationally Structured Space (RiiSS) · doi:10.1109/riiss.2013.6607930 · Cited by 14
“C/HIR/MOHE/FCSIT/10, High Impact Research (HIR) foundation in University Malaya (UM) Malaysia.”
BackgroundCircle Detection Using a Gabor Annulus
Rhodes, A., & Bai, L. B. (2011) · British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC) · doi:10.5244/c.25.108 · Cited by 14
“Their popularity in computer vision stems from the natural basis for Gabor wavelets, which have been found to be similar to the receptive fields of simple cells within the primary visual cortex of mammals [8].”
BackgroundAutonomous Development of Active Binocular and Motion Vision Through Active Efficient Coding
Lelais, A., Mahn, J., Narayan, V., Zhang, C., Shi, B. E., & Triesch, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2019.00049 · Cited by 14
On the robustness of skeleton detection against adversarial attacks
Bai, X., Yang, M., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2020.09.018 · Cited by 14
Le, H. T., Phung, S. L., & Bouzerdoum, A. (2021) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3106300 · Cited by 15
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Head movement recognition based on LK algorithm and Gentleboost
Liu, J., & Zhao, Z. (2011) · Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management · Cited by 14
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“The Gabor-like nature of V1 receptive field profiles (see, e.g., Field & Tolhurst, 1986; Jones & Palmer, 1987) was argued to produce an optimally sparse representation of natural images (Field, 1987; Olshausen & Field, 1996).”
BackgroundFont identification using the grating cell texture operator
Ma, H., & Doermann, D. (2005) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.586345 · Cited by 14
Vision-based hexagonal image processing using Hex-Gabor
Veni, S., & Narayanankutty, K. A. (2012) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-012-0293-5 · Cited by 14
“Previous studies have shown that Gabor filters closely resemble experimentally measured receptive fields in the visual cortex [15] and have been widely used to model the response of visual cortical neurons.”
BackgroundImproved grating and bar cell models in cortical area V1 and texture coding
du Buf, J. M. H. (2006) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2006.06.005 · Cited by 14
“Jones and Palmer [17] found cells with 0.23 k 0.92, and after many tests k = 0.8 is applied.”
BackgroundInfluentialUnsupervised texture segmentation and labeling using biologically inspired features
Martens, G., Poppe, C., Lambert, P., & Rik Van De Walle, B. (2008) · IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP) · doi:10.1109/mmsp.2008.4665067 · Cited by 14
“It has been found that γ ranges between 0.23 and 0.92 [5] and is set to 0.5 according to [8].”
InfluentialFeature-Driven Emergence of Model Graphs for Object Recognition and Categorization
Westphal, G., von der Malsburg, C., & Würtz, R. P. (2008) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76831-9_7 · Cited by 14
Timing is everything: A spatio-temporal approach to the analysis of facial actions
Valstar, M. (2008) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/1394 · Cited by 14
Current Advances in Neural Decoding
van Gerven, M. A. J., Seeliger, K., Güçlü, U., & Güçlütürk, Y. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28954-6_21 · Cited by 11
Larisch, R., Gönner, L., Teichmann, M., & Hamker, F. H. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009566 · Cited by 13
“The receptive fields of V1 simple cells are often described by Gabor functions [22, 23, 24].”
BackgroundSamantaray, A. K., Edavoor, P. J., & Rahulkar, A. D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems · doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2022.3213186 · Cited by 13
“Jones and Palmer [31] showed that the real part of the complex Gabor function is a good fit for the receptive field weight functions found in simple cells of a cat’s striate cortex.”
BackgroundMcAdams, P., Svobodova, S., Newman, T.-J., Terry, K., Mather, G., Skelton, A. E., & Franklin, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316555 · Cited by 13
“Briefly, images were filtered using a set of 24 oriented odd-phase Gabor filters representing one full rotation, akin to receptive fields in the human visual system [35,36], so the filters would respond maximally to edges in an image.”
Spatial and Temporal Features of Synaptic to Discharge Receptive Field Transformation in Cat Area 17
Nowak, L. G., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & McCormick, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90946.2008 · Cited by 13
“…1983; DeAngelis et al. 1993a; Emerson and Gerstein 1977a; Emerson et al. 1987; Field and Tolhurst 1986; Glezer et al. 1982; Heggelund 1981a,b, 1986; Jones and Palmer 1987a,b; Malone et al. 2007; Mata and Ringach 2005; McLean and Palmer 1989; Movshon et al. 1978a,b; Palmer and Davis 1981; Pernberg…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLocal and Global Gestalt Laws: A Neurally Based Spectral Approach
Favali, M., Citti, G., & Sarti, A. (2016) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_00921 · Cited by 13
Rotation and Translation Invariant Palmprint Recognition With Biologically Inspired Transform
Zhou, X., Zhou, K., & Shen, L. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2990736 · Cited by 14
“In the spatial domain, real Gabor wave is given as follows [65].”
BackgroundNatural scene statistics predict how humans pool information across space in surface tilt estimation
Kim, S., & Burge, J. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007947 · Cited by 11
“Visual systems and the internalization of natural scene statistics In recent years, a series of papers have provided evidence linking certain statistical aspects of natural images and scenes [15,28,33-38] to the design of the human visual system [39-41], and to the performance of ideal and human observers in perceptua…”
BackgroundLu, Y., Kang, T., Zhang, H., & Lim, M. (2015) · IET Computer Vision · doi:10.1049/iet-cvi.2014.0249 · Cited by 13
Hsu, A., & Dayan, P. (2007) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.07.023 · Cited by 13
“Model results compare well with simple cell properties of peak spatial frequency, spatial frequency bandwidth, aspect ratio, and shape (De Valois, Albrecht, & Thorell, 1982; Jones & Palmer, 1987; Parker & Hawken, 1988; Ringach, 2002).”
ResultGabor Binary Layer in Convolutional Neural Networks
Jiang, C., & Su, J. (2018) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2018.8451298 · Cited by 13
“Among them, the Gabor feature biologically originates from the responses of the early visual system in mammalian [12, 13, 14].”
BackgroundRitchie, J. B., & de Beeck, H. O. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01339 · Cited by 13
Doi, E., & Lewicki, M. S. (2005) · Cited by 13
The Subregion Correspondence Model of Binocular Simple Cells
Erwin, E., & Miller, K. D. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-16-07212.1999 · Cited by 13
Development of orientation tuning in simple cells of primary visual cortex
Moore, B. D., & Freeman, R. D. (2012) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00719.2011 · Cited by 13
“The exponents are derived by estimation of the difference between linear predictions of orientation tuning and measurements with sine wave gratings.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA computational model of monkey cortical grating cells
Lourens, T., Barakova, E. I., Okuno, H. G., & Tsujino, H. (2004) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-004-0522-2 · Cited by 13
“Computational models of simple cells using linear filters, in particular Gabor filters (Daugman 1985; Jones and Palmer 1987), followed by half-wave rectification are widely applied (Movshon et al. 1978; Andrews and Pollen 1979).”
MethodLillholm, M., & Griffin, L. D. (2008) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2008.08.003 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, J. P., & Palmer, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1987-12-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1233-1258
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1914401667
- Cited by
- 1,658
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 6.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01-EY-04638)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- simple cells, spatial linearity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cats, Mathematics, Models, Neurological, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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