Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior

“The degree of synchrony has been found to vary with behavioral state (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Baker et al., 2001); however, synchrony has also been dismissed as a byproduct of neural processing rendered meaningless by the low timing sensitivity of pyramidal neurons (Shadlen and Movshon, 1999).”

“Our use of LFP signals follows that of previous investigators in the basal ganglia [14,34] and in cortex [35–37], who have reported that LFPs can be used to indicate regional brain activation at a scale that is intermediate between single units and fMRI.”

“The exact time offset, or phase, may indicate whether the interaction serves to relatively enhance, or diminish, communication.”

“Correcting the Bias of Spike Field Coherence Estimators Due to a Finite Number of Spikes”

“In monkeys, ϳ25-Hz oscillatory activity is present in M1 on both sides, and these oscillations are strongly synchronized during bimanual manipulations (Murthy and Fetz 1996).”

“With regard to bimanual coordination, left and right motor cortices showed stronger functional coupling in the beta frequency range depending on whether monkeys performed bimanual or unimanual manipulations [Murthy and Fetz, 1996b].”

“Murthy and Fetz (1996a) and by Fetz et al. (2000) used simultaneously recorded LFPs in sensorimotor cortex.”

“…in the motor cortex of monkeys (Sanes & Donoghue, 1993), between motor and somatosensory Neuro-cognition of action planning — 24 areas of the monkey (Murthy & Fetz, 1992, 1996), and across the visual and parietal cortex and the parietal and the motor cortex of the cat (Roelfsema et al., 1997).”

“This problem is exacerbated by the dependence of the spatial spread of the LFP on the cortical layer (Murthy and Fetz, 1996).”

“5] Hz ( [53]), GPe-TI [40-60] Hz 81 ( [38]), GPe-TA [5-15] Hz ( [38]) and STN [12-20] Hz ( [24]).”

“…and local field potentials in several cortical areas before the appearance of a behavioral cue, when a monkey is not executing a movement but is in an elevated state of alertness (Baker et al. 1997; Cardoso de Oliveira et al. 1997; Liang et al. 2002; Murthy and Fetz 1996; Sanes and Donoghue 1993).”

“…Hz) that has been associated in previous studies, using elecroencephalograms (EEGs) and local field potentials (LFPs), with sensorimotor integration (Murthy and Fetz 1992, 1996; Sanes and Donoghue 1993; Courtemanche et al. 2003) and preparation for motor action (Baker et al. 1999; Donoghue et al.…”

“I N T R O D U C T I O N Network oscillations of 20–80 Hz are widely observed in the cortex (Franowicz and Barth 1995; Freeman and Barrie 2000; Gray and Singer 1989; Llinas and Ribary 1993; Murthy and Fetz 1996; Nicolelis et al. 1995; Steriade et al. 1993; Tank et al. 1994).”

“…elsewhere in the mammalian nervous system, including visual (Gray, König, Engel, & Singer, 1989; Gray & Singer, 1989; Kreiter & Singer, 1996; Livingstone, 1996) and sensorimotor (Murthy & Fetz, 1996a, 1996b) cortex and the hippocampus (Traub, Whittington, Collins, Buzsaki, & Jefferys, 1996).”

“…synchrony, which is very interesting because the SC can be regarded as an attentive filter (Goldberg and Wurtz, 1972; Robinson and Kertzman, 1995; Kustov and Robinson, 1996) and because attentive tasks enhance synchrony in other brain areas (Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996a,b; Roelfsema et al., 1997).”

“, 1993], where sensorimotor beta oscillations have been shown [Baker et al., 1997; Murthy and Fetz, 1996].”

“…could exhibit oscillatory activity around beta-band frequencies, a phenomenon that has been widely reported in many other motor control areas (Aumann and Fetz 2004; Baker et al. 1997, 2003; Marsden et al. 2000, 2001; Murthy and Fetz 1992, 1996; Ohara et al. 2001; Pellerin and Lamarre 1997).”

“2010; Caton 1875; Jacinto et al. 2013), sensory processing (Akella et al. 2021; Di et al. 1990; Jia and Kohn 2011; Schroeder et al. 2001; Victor et al. 1994), and behavior (DeCoteau et al. 2007; Murthy and Fetz 1996; Scherberger et al. 2005).”

“Interhemispheric oscillatory synchronization (by 20e40 Hz oscillations) has been defined in the sensorimotor cortex during bimanual and unimanual motor tasks [61].”

“…Hz) that has been associated in previous studies of the PFC in NHPs, using EEGs and local field potentials (LFPs), with sensorimotor integration (Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Courtemanche et al. 2003) and preparation for motor action (Baker et al. 1999; Donoghue et…”

“Oscillatory activity in the motor cortex has been observed in many experiments and led various hypotheses about its possible functions, such as motor preparation and attention to aspects of movement (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Donoghue et al., 1998).”

“, 2020); beta in parieto-frontal cortex (Figure 1, (Scherberger et al., 2005; Dann et al., 2016; Brovelli et al., 2004; Salazar et al., 2012b; Hagan et al., 2012; Donoghue et al., 1998; Murthy and Fetz, 1996)); and theta and gamma in rodent hippocampus (Buzsáki, 2006; Colgin et al.”

“…movements: the parietal reach region for reach planning (Snyder et al., 1997; Galletti et al., 2003; Scherberger et al., 2005; Scherberger and Andersen, 2007) and the primary sensorimotor area for simple hand movements (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Baker et al., 1997; Courtemanche and Lamarre, 2005).”

“Coherence analysis for monkeys (Baker et al., 1999, 1997; Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996; Witham et al., 2010) and humans (Halliday et al., 1998; Kilner et al., 2000; Kristeva et al., 2007; Riddle and Baker, 2006) in previous studies has demonstrated that synchronization between cortical and…”

“Various experimental studies have shown that the local field potential (LFP) or unit activity of the primary motor cortex exhibits gamma-band (30–80 Hz) oscillations during behavior (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Donoghue et al., 1998; Farmer, 1998).”

“…with a multitude of active behaviors, including navigation, sensory processing, and attention, as well as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (Brosch and Budinger, 2002; Fries et al., 2001, 2008; Gray and Di Prisco, 1997; Gregoriou et al., 2009; Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Womelsdorf et al., 2006).”

“The topological arrangement of our network is supported by the finding that correlation strength between neurons decreases as the distance between them increases (Murthy and Fetz 1996; Dombeck et al. 2009), and that nearby neurons tend to prefer similar motion parameters (Georgopoulos et al.”

“We observed a dominant component of the β-band (in both monkeys around 17 Hz) in the LFP during the preparatory period (see, e.g., Murthy and Fetz 1996a) and therefore filtered the LFP accordingly before applying the Hilbert transform to extract its instantaneous phase and amplitude (i.e. the…”

“These b-band oscillatory activities of the cortical motor area and the motor unit are synchronised during maintained motor contractions (Baker et al., 1997; Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Conway et al., 1995; Gross et al., 2000; Riddle and Baker, 2006).”

“cillations across various brain areas have been extensively studied because of their functional significance for perceptive and cognitive processing [2,3,4] and for movement preparation and execution [5,6,7]. Thus it is natural that disorganization of this oscillatory activity (including pathologically strong or patho…”

“Beta-range (15-30 Hz) corticomuscular coherence (CMC) has been reported between motor cortical neurons and muscles in monkeys [1-4] and between sensorimotor cortex and muscle activity (EMG) in humans [5-14].”

“There are no anatomical connections between hand and foot representation areas within primary motor cortex (M1) (Huntley and Jones 1991), suggesting common input arising from secondary motor areas rather than horizontal connectivity within M1 (Murthy and Fetz 1996).”

“In fact, physiological beta burst durations in the sensorimotor network of the healthy primates are shorter than 150 ms [69,71].”

“…1999), their correlation to stimulus presentation and behavior have given rise to numerous hypotheses relating network oscillations to the representation of information or the cognitive state of the animal (Crick and Koch 1990; Freeman and Schneider 1982; Gray et al. 1989; Murthy and Fetz 1996).”

“Second, Vanni cites one of the recent studies by Murthy & Fetz (1996a) as counterevidence.”

“ing [1], processing sensor information [2], event prediction [3], motor control [4], and gait patterns [5].”

“Oscillatory activity in the motor cortex has been observed in many experiments and has led to various hypotheses about its possible functions, such as motor preparation and attention to aspects of movement [41,42].”

“…et al. 1995; Engel and Fries 2010; Feige et al. 2000; Gross et al. 2000; Halliday et al. 1998; Houweling et al. 2010; Kristeva-Feige et al. 1993; Murthy and Fetz 1992, 1996a, 1996b; Perez et al. 2006; Riddle and Baker 2006; Salenius et al. 1997; Sanes and Donoghue 1993; Tecchio et al. 2006;…”

“…of behavior (Baker et al., 1999; Donoghue et al., 1998; Pellerin and Lamarre, 1997), although higher frequencies of beta/gamma band (approximately 20–40 Hz) modulation have been occasionally observed during movement, particularly when a task is difficult or novel (Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996).”

“As observed by Murthy and Fetz (1996) volitional movements of the hand cause phase lags between different cortical areas; however, according to the same authors and Andrew and Pfurtscheller (1999) the beta-rhythm oscillations again become synchronized over a larger scale when the attention to…”

“This interpretation is consistent with recent results obtained by studies of local field potentials in somatosensory areas of the cortex.(14,15,22)”

“Notably, the previous studies were performed during different task conditions that might have altered the oscillatory characteristics of cortical interneuronal populations (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Fetz et al., 2000).”

“More prominent physiological investigations of transient beta activity emerged in the 1990s, notably through the work of Murthy and Fetz (1992, 1996), who described brief coherent beta activity in the sensorimotor cortex of behaving monkeys.”

“Accordingly, there is a decrease in variability of neural spiking that coincides with the timing of beta oscillations (Murthy and Fetz, 1996).”

“The occurrence of oscillations up to 35 Hz (beta range) and their cortical synchronization (Murthy and Fetz 1996a, 1996b; Donoghue et al. 1998) seems to be linked mainly to the preparation for movement.”

“Oscillatory synchronous activity is a general feature of firing of neuronal networks both in adult animals and during development (Buzsáki, 2006; Uhlhaas et al., 2010).”

“These results indicate that synchronization of oscillatory activity in the two M1 operates at a fast time scale to enable dynamic interhemispheric communication [9], Therefore, real-time phase estimation based on a sliding window of 500 ms (i.”

“Murthy and Fetz (1996) reported that the interhemispheric synchrony of oscillations (20–40 Hz) in the primary motor Table 6.”

“…modes EMPIRICAL AND ANALYTIC FINDINGS show high dynamic variability of neuronal firing, including random (Gerstein and Mandelbrot 1964), tonic (Murthy and Fetz 1996), and oscillatory (Cymbalyuk and Shilnikov 2005) spiking, transient (Kuznetsov et al. 2006) and oscillatory (Elson et al. 2002)…”

“…and re fl ect the information fl ow of inputs from the periphery to the sensorimotor cortex and other brain areas involved in sensorimotor integration (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Kilavik et al., 2013). β oscillations could also represent a link with neural correlates of cognitive processes such as…”