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Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior
Abstract
1. Oscillations of 20-40 Hz were observed in local field potentials (LFPs) and unit activity in sensorimotor cortices of three awake monkeys while the monkeys performed trained wrist movements and untrained exploratory arm movements. The mean frequency of LFP oscillations was 25.9 +/- 1.4 (SD) Hz and the number of cycles of oscillations per episode was variable, with a mean of 4.2 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SE). 2. Oscillatory episodes occurred most often when the monkeys retrieved raisins from a Klüver board (0.59 +/- 0.23 episodes per s, mean +/- SD) or from unseen locations with the use of somatosensory feedback (0.62 +/- 0.12 episodes per s); they occurred less often when the monkeys performed repetitive wrist flexion and extension movements (0.22 +/- 0.04 episodes per s) or sat quietly at rest (0.23 +/- 0.17 episodes per s). 3. The amplitude of LFP oscillations increased with depth in cortex, reaching a maximum between 1 and 2 mm. LFP oscillations at the surface of the cortex were 180 degrees out of phase with oscillations in the deep cortical layers. The phase shift (with respect to the deep layers) decreased with depth in the cortex and disappeared at depths of > 1 mm. 4. LFPs were recorded simultaneously at multiple sites in the sensorimotor cortex when monkeys retrieved raisins from a Klüver board or from unseen locations. Cross-correlation of LFPs recorded at different sites indicated that oscillations in the 20- to 40-Hz range could become synchronized at sites separated by up to > or = 14 mm in the precentral cortex. 5. The probability of occurrence of significant correlations between LFP oscillations at paired sites and the average correlation amplitude decreased with increasing horizontal separation of sites in precentral cortex. The phase shift between LFP oscillations recorded at paired sites did not change significantly with increasing horizontal separation. 6. For paired sites in precentral cortex, the average strength of correlations and the proportion of oscillations that were significantly correlated were greater during exploratory behaviors such as retrieving raisins from slots of the Klüver board than during periods of rest or overtrained wrist movements. 7. Oscillations could become synchronized with small phase shifts (0.5 +/- 1.6 ms) between pre- and postcentral cortical sites. Average strength and probability of occurrence of significant correlations between pre- and postcentral LFPs increased during exploratory behaviors. 8. Oscillations occurred simultaneously in the left and right motor cortex and could become synchronized with negligible phase shifts when the monkey performed bimanual manipulations. However, synchronization occurred as often and as strongly for unimanual as for bimanual manipulations. 9. These results indicate that episodes of 20- to 40-Hz oscillations occur often and become synchronized over a large cortical area during exploratory forelimb movements. However, they have no reliable relation to particular components of the movement and therefore seem unlikely to be involved directly in movement execution; instead, they may represent a neural correlate of attention during demanding sensorimotor behaviors.
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“Locomotion is also associated with a simultaneous increase in 30–80 Hz gamma band activity.”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Murthy and Fetz, 1996
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Movement‐related frequency modulation of beta oscillatory activity in the human subthalamic nucleus
Foffani, G., Bianchi, A. M., Baselli, G., & Priori, A. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089722 · Cited by 174
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“(ii) The recording level we used (cortical field potentials) is known to facilitate the detection of collective, synchronized events (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Gail et al., 2000; Pesaran et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodPropagating Activation during Oscillations and Evoked Responses in Neocortical Slices
Wu, J., Guan, L., & Tsau, Y. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-12-05005.1999 · Cited by 168
Cortico-Cerebellar Coherence During a Precision Grip Task in the Monkey
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“Similar zero-lag synchrony has been shown in both visual and motor cortices between hemispheres, despite the known substantial conduction delays (Engel et al. 1990; Murthy and Fetz 1996a; Roelfsema et al. 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialBeta-Range EEG-EMG Coherence With Isometric Compensation for Increasing Modulated Low-Level Forces
Chakarov, V., Naranjo, J. R., Schulte‐Mönting, J., Omlor, W., Huethe, F., & Kristeva, R. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91095.2008 · Cited by 166
“…maintained motor contraction the cortical motor areas and the muscles are synchronized in beta-range as shown in monkeys (Baker et al. 1997, 1999; Murthy and Fetz 1992, 1996) and humans (Baker 2007; Brown 2000; Conway et al. 1995; Halliday et al. 1998; Kilner et al. 2000; Kristeva et al. 2007;…”
BackgroundOhara, S., Mima, T., Baba, K., Ikeda, A., Kunieda, T., Matsumoto, R., Yamamoto, J., Matsuhashi, M., Nagamine, T., Hirasawa, K., et al. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-23-09377.2001 · Cited by 165
“…in association with various brain functions such as visual (Eckhorn et al., 1988; Gray and Singer, 1989), olfactory (Freeman, 1972), auditory (Pantev et al., 1991), and sensorimotor systems (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar 1979; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Donoghue et al., 1998).”
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Khanna, P., & Carmena, J. M. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24573 · Cited by 168
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“More recently, it has been realized that beta oscillations in this motor network emerge as brief transient events or bursts (Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996; Bartolo and Merchant, 2015; Feingold et al., 2015; Sherman et al., 2016; Shin et al., 2017; Tinkhauser et al., 2017a, b).”
BackgroundGamma Oscillations Induced by Kainate Receptor Activation in the Entorhinal CortexIn Vitro
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“Thus, gamma activity has been recorded in sensorimotor (Murthy and Fetz, 1996), auditory (Barth and MacDonald, 1996), and visual cortices (Roelfsema et al., 1997).”
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BackgroundDopamine‐dependent non‐linear correlation between subthalamic rhythms in Parkinson's disease
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“The reported ‘clamping’ of motor cortical single unit firing rates during periods of 20–40 Hz oscillatory synchrony (Murthy & Fetz, 1996b) and tendency of firing rate modulation to occur as oscillations decrease in motor cortical LFP (Donoghue et al., 1998) may be of particular relevance to the…”
BackgroundAfferent Encoding of Central Oscillations in the Monkey Arm
Baker, S. N., Chiu, M. K.-L., & Fetz, E. E. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01106.2005 · Cited by 143
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Denker, M., Roux, S., Lindén, H., Diesmann, M., Riehle, A., & Grün, S. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr040 · Cited by 140
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BackgroundInfluentialCircuit Oscillations in Odor Perception and Memory
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Motor unit synchronisation is enhanced during slow lengthening contractions of a hand muscle
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“Similarly, motor unit synchronisation increases during the performance of attention-demanding tasks (Schmied et al. 2000), as does the level of synchronous activity in the motor cortex (Murthy & Fetz, 1996a,b).”
BackgroundSynchronization of Neuronal Activity during Stimulus Expectation in a Direction Discrimination Task
de Oliveira, S. C., Thiele, A., & Hoffmann, K.-P. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-23-09248.1997 · Cited by 133
“Kreiter and Singer (1992, 1996) reported for area MT and Murthy and Fetz (1996b) for the sensorimotor cortex that oscillations occur in relatively brief episodes interleaved with nonoscillatory activity.”
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Tinkhauser, G., Torrecillos, F., Duclos, Y., Tan, H., Pogosyan, A. H., Fischer, P., Carron, R., Welter, M., Karachi, C., Vandenberghe, W., et al. (2018) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.007 · Cited by 132
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Towards a comprehensive theory of brain activity:
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“This activity was shown to be synchronized etween the two primary motor cortices, but this coupling ppeared to be equally strong during unimanual as that uring bimanual tasks (Murthy and Fetz, 1996a).”
BackgroundInfluentialLocal field potential spectral tuning in motor cortex during reaching
Heldman, D. A., Wang, W., Chan, S. S., & Moran, D. W. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2006.875549 · Cited by 118
“Murthy and Fetz [9] observed oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex of monkeys in the 20–40-Hz range during wrist and arm movements and found they were not directly correlated with movements.”
BackgroundPredictive Suppression of Cortical Excitability and Its Deficit in Schizophrenia
Lakatos, P., Schroeder, C. E., Leitman, D. I., & Javitt, D. C. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0010-13.2013 · Cited by 118
“…Kilavik et al., 2012), several studies provide clear evidence that its amplitude is predictively modulated by the relevant sensory-motor temporal context (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Donoghue et al., 1998; Saleh et al., 2010; Bidet-Caulet et al., 2012; Kilavik et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRhythm generation in monkey motor cortex explored using pyramidal tract stimulation
Jackson, A., Spinks, R. L., Freeman, T. C. B., Wolpert, D. M., & Lemon, R. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.015099 · Cited by 114
“Oscillations in the motor cortex of monkeys and humans are dominated by activity in the 15–30 Hz or beta range (Murthy & Fetz, 1992, 1996; Sanes & Donoghue, 1993; Conway et al. 1995; Baker et al. 1997; Hari & Salenius, 1999).”
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Self-citationNeural interactions between motor cortical hemispheres during bimanual and unimanual arm movements
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“Variable correlations, changing with behavioural conditions or events, have also been reported in single neurons from precentral areas (Vaadia et al., 1995) and motor cortex (Murthy & Fetz, 1996; Riehle et al., 1997; Hatsopoulos et al., 1998; Grammont & Riehle, 1999; Laubach et al., 2000).”
BackgroundFunctional Brain Activation Associated with Inhibitory Control Deficits in Older Adults
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Propagating Waves in Human Motor Cortex
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“…somatosensory (S1, areas 2 and 3a), and posterior parietal (area 5) cortices in the neocortex and subcortical areas such basal ganglia and cerebellum (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Murthy and Fetz, 1996a,b; Courtemanche and Lamarre, 2005; Witham and Baker, 2007; Witham et al., 2007; Kuhn et al., 2008).”
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“4A2,A4); it is well known that there is oscillatory synchronization between M1 bilaterally (Murthy and Fetz, 1996a,b; Kilner et al., 2003).”
Large-scale spatiotemporal spike patterning consistent with wave propagation in motor cortex
Takahashi, K., Kim, S., Coleman, T. P., Brown, K. A., Suminski, A. J., Best, M. D., & Hatsopoulos, N. G. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8169 · Cited by 101
“Oscillatory LFPs and electroencephalograms (EEG) in the beta frequency range (15–40 Hz) are ubiquitous in the motor cortex of mammals including monkeys 15–18 and humans 19,20 .”
Zanos, S. P., Rembado, I., Chen, D., & Fetz, E. E. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.009 · Cited by 103
“The negative (or positive) phase of these LFP oscillations have been shown to be associated with depolarizing (or hyperpolarizing) potentials recorded in vivo [7] and higher (or lower) levels of firing in the local neuronal populations [5, 6] (Figure 1B).”
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“With respect to all data in which the EEG-EMG coherence curve exceeded CL, the maximal peaks of the coherence were observed in the 15- to 35-Hz range, as reported by many previous studies (4, 9, 21, 28, 35, 37, 38, 52).”
Corticospinal Beta-Band Synchronization Entails Rhythmic Gain Modulation
van Elswijk, G., Maij, F., Schoffelen, J., Overeem, S., Stegeman, D. F., & Fries, P. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2794-09.2010 · Cited by 109
“When the motor system maintains isometric contractions, there is beta-band synchronization between involved neuronal groups of the motor cortex and the spinal cord (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Schoffelen et al., 2005, 2008).”
BackgroundNeuronal Substrates of Sleep and Epilepsy
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Modulation of human corticomuscular beta‐range coherence with low‐level static forces
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“Oscillations in the beta-frequency range are a prominent feature of neuronal activity in the motor system (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Baker et al., 2001; Courtemanche et al., 2002; Brovelli et al., 2004; Jensen et al., 2005).”
Cortical Oscillations in Health and Disease
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Modulation of beta bursts in subthalamic sensorimotor circuits predicts improvement in bradykinesia
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Cells in somatosensory areas show synchrony with beta oscillations in monkey motor cortex
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“It is known that LFP inverts its phase as an electrode penetrates through the grey matter (Murthy & Fetz, 1996).”
BackgroundImaging the human motor system’s beta-band synchronization during isometric contraction
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“Also, beta-band coherence has been documented between bilateral sensorimotor cortices (Mima et al., 2000; Murthy and Fetz, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrganization of Cortical Activities Related to Movement in Humans
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“Several studies in monkeys have now confirmed the presence of transient oscillations in the voltage of local field potentials at 20–30 Hz, which may be synchronized over spatially separate areas of sensorimotor cortex (Murthy and Fetz, 1996a,b; Baker et al., 1997; Donoghue et al., 1998).”
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“…with oscillatory (or transient) synchronization of local spiking of single units as other have suggested (Baker et al. 1999; Donoghue et al. 1998; Murthy and Fetz 1996a), these synchronized motor cortical neurons may enhance their influence on postsynaptic targets either in the periphery or in…”
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“…C T I O N The functional significance of oscillations and synchronization in the brain has been extensively studied, for example in relation to perception and cognition (Buzsaki and Draguhn 2004; Engel et al. 2001) and to movement (Baker et al. 1999; Murthy and Fetz 1996; Sanes and Donoghue 1993).”
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Focal Stimulation of the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Induces Focal Gamma Waves in Cortex
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Fast network oscillations induced by potassium transients in the rat hippocampus in vitro
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Inhibitory motor control in response stopping and response switching
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Local field potentials allow accurate decoding of muscle activity
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“…cannot be excluded that disappearance of this coupling after the l-CST lesion was due to the interruption of the sensory-motor loop between the periphery and spinal motoneurons via motor cortices or loss of the cortical control of sensory feedback at the level of the lower cervical spinal cord.”
BackgroundInfluentialOscillations in the Basal Ganglia: The good, the bad, and the unexpected
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Context-Related Frequency Modulations of Macaque Motor Cortical LFP Beta Oscillations
Kilavik, B. E., Ponce‐Alvarez, A., Trachel, R. E., Confais, J., Takerkart, S., & Alexa Riehle, C. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr299 · Cited by 88
Specialized Representations in Visual Cortex
Ghose, G. M., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80823-5 · Cited by 89
Cerebellar network plasticity: From genes to fast oscillation
Cheron, G. A., Servais, L., & Dan, B. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.074 · Cited by 88
Functional Connectivity Between Secondary and Primary Motor Areas Underlying Hand–Foot Coordination
Byblow, W. D., Coxon, J. P., Stinear, C. M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00325.2007 · Cited by 87
“The synchrony of local field potential oscillations between M1 representations suggests common input arising from secondary motor areas rather than horizontal connectivity within M1 (Murthy and Fetz 1996).”
BackgroundAdaptation-induced synchronization in laminar cortical circuits
Hansen, B. J., & Dragoi, V. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102017108 · Cited by 83
“Experimental and theoretical studies have both suggested that gamma oscillations of spiking neuronal populations can enhance signal discrimination by decreasing the variance of the responses (45, 46) and that synchronization could enhance the response gain of neurons (47).”
BackgroundConnolly, A. T., Jensen, A. L., Bello, E. M., Netoff, T. I., Baker, K. B., Johnson, M. D., & Vitek, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4137-14.2015 · Cited by 85
Alloway, K. D., Crist, J., Mutic, J. J., & Roy, S. A. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-24-10908.1999 · Cited by 86
The role of electrical signaling via gap junctions in the generation of fast network oscillations
LeBeau, F. E. N., Traub, R. D., Monyer, H., Whittington, M. A., & Buhl, E. H. (2003) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.07.004 · Cited by 85
Fuentes, R., Petersson, P., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07417.x · Cited by 85
“…(Murthy & Fetz, 1992; Baker et al., 1999), oscillatory bursts in the high beta or gamma range (>20 Hz) were often recorded in sensorimotor-related cortical areas, perhaps indicating a physiological role of these oscillatory bursts in motor behaviors requiring extra attention (Murthy & Fetz, 1996).”
BackgroundBeta Band Corticomuscular Drive Reflects Muscle Coordination Strategies
Reyes, A., Laine, C. M., Kutch, J. J., & Valero‐Cuevas, F. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2017.00017 · Cited by 84
“Corticomotor drive contains a 15–30 Hz (beta-band) oscillatory component (Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996a,b; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Stancák and Pfurtscheller, 1996; Donoghue et al., 1998; Mima and Hallett, 1999; Lebedev and Wise, 2000; Witham et al., 2010), which entrains targeted motor neurons…”
BackgroundFeature Integration across Multimodal Perception and Action: A Review
Zmigrod, S., & Hommel, B. (2013) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002390 · Cited by 88
“Also, evidence for neural synchronization across different sensory modalities in the beta range (∼12–20 Hz) has been observed between visual and auditory areas (von Stein et al., 1999), visual and motor areas (Roelfsema et al., 1997), and motor and somatosensory areas (Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996).”
Neural control of dexterity: what has been achieved?
Lemon, R. (1999) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210050811 · Cited by 85
Kilner, J. M., Fisher, R. J., & Lemon, R. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01247.2003 · Cited by 86
“…sensorimotor cortex of monkeys and humans have been demonstrated to exhibit synchronous oscillatory activity in the 15-to 30-Hz range (Baker et al. 1997; Donoghue et al. 1998; Gastaut 1952; Jasper and Penfield 1949; Murthy and Fetz 1992, 1996a,b; Salmelin and Hari 1994; Sanes and Donoghue 1993).”
BackgroundPropagation of Correlated Activity through Multiple Stages of a Neural Circuit
Kimpo, R. R., Theunissen, F. E., & Doupe, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05750.2003 · Cited by 84
“One way in which the timing of neuronal firing can carry information is in the temporal relationship of spiking across individual neurons, resulting in correlated activity (Abeles, 1991; Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Riehle et al., 1997; Dan et al., 1998).”
Parkinsonism Alters Beta Burst Dynamics across the Basal Ganglia–Motor Cortical Network
Yu, Y., Sanabria, D. E., Wang, J., Hendrix, C. M., Zhang, J., Nebeck, S. D., Amundson, A. M., Busby, Z., Bauer, D. L., Johnson, M. D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1591-20.2021 · Cited by 82
“…oscillations in the motor network often occur as transient events, or bursts, and play an important role in encoding movement information in the healthy nondiseased state (Murthy and Fetz, 1992, 1996; Bartolo and Merchant, 2015; Feingold et al., 2015; Shin et al., 2017; Little et al., 2019).”
BackgroundCommon modulation of motor unit pairs during slow wrist movement in man
Kakuda, N., Nagaoka, M., & Wessberg, J. (1999) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.00929.x · Cited by 81
Information encoding and reconstruction from the phase of action potentials
Nádasdy, Z. (2009) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.06.006.2009 · Cited by 85
Kilner, J. M., Baker, S. N., & LEMON, R. N. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012950 · Cited by 82
Méndez‐Balbuena, I., Huethe, F., Schulte‐Mönting, J., Leonhart, R., Manjarrez, E., & Kristeva, R. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr147 · Cited by 82
“…both task and force dependent and related to attention, compliance, displacement, fatigue, and age (Kristeva-Feige et al. 1993; Conway et al. 1995; Murthy and Fetz 1996a; Salenius et al. 1997; Halliday et al. 1998; Brown 2000; Feige et al. 2000; Gross et al. 2000; Baker MR and Baker SN 2003;…”
Dann, B., Michaels, J. A., Schaffelhofer, S., & Scherberger, H. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.15719 · Cited by 87
Brain-Machine Interfaces: Powerful Tools for Clinical Treatment and Neuroscientific Investigations
Slutzky, M. W. (2018) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858418775355 · Cited by 86
The science and engineering behind sensitized brain-controlled bionic hands
Pandarinath, C., & Bensmaïa, S. J. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2020 · Cited by 79
Williams, E. R., Soteropoulos, D. S., & Baker, S. N. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0913373107 · Cited by 78
“However, in some circumstances in the cerebral cortex phase reversal of LFP oscillations occurs with increasing cortical depth (5); this is believed to occur if the source of the cortical LFP oscillations is in the superficial layers.”
BackgroundGraziadio, S., Tomasevic, L., Assenza, G., Tecchio, F., & Eyre, J. A. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.031 · Cited by 79
“…non-lesioned hand, 0.51±0.02; lesioned hand, 0.50±0.03; stroke: non-lesioned hand, 0.50±0.02; lesioned hand, 0.49±0.03], ensuring that differences between lesioned and non-lesioned corticospinal systems and between groups could not be attributed to differences in performance of this simple task.”
InfluentialModulation of synchrony between single motor units during precision grip tasks in humans
Kilner, J. M., Alonso‐Alonso, M., Fisher, R. J., & Lemon, R. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013305 · Cited by 78
“A number of recent reports have investigated the possible function of synchronous oscillatory synchrony within the sensorimotor cortex of monkeys and humans (Murthy & Fetz, 1992, 1996; Sanes & Donoghue, 1993; Stancak & Pfurtscheller, 1996; Baker et al. 1997; Donoghue et al. 1998).”
BackgroundLaminar dynamics of high amplitude beta bursts in human motor cortex
Bonaiuto, J. J., Little, S., Neymotin, S. A., Jones, S. R., Barnes, G. R., & Bestmann, S. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118479 · Cited by 76
“…as a slowly modlated signal, at a single trial level, beta activity is dominated by tranient, high amplitude bursting events ( Feingold et al., 2015 ; Jones et al., 009 ; Little et al., 2019 ; Murthy and Fetz, 1996 , 1992 ; Sherman et al., 016 ; Shin et al., 2017 ; Spitzer and Haegens, 2017 ).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Murthy, V. N., & Fetz, E. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1996-12-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3949-3967
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1787747564
- Cited by
- 544
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 14.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS12542)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00166, P51RR000166)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- sensorimotor cortex, local field potentials, cortical oscillations, neuronal synchronization, precentral cortex, inter-site correlation, exploratory behavior, somatosensory feedback, arm movement, monkey behavior, unit activity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electromyography, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, Exploratory Behavior, Feedback, Hand, Functional Laterality, Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina, Movement, Neurons, Periodicity, Somatosensory Cortex, Time Factors, Evoked Potentials, Motor
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