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Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior
Abstract
1. Oscillations of 20-40 Hz were observed in local field potentials (LFPs) and unit activity in sensorimotor cortices of three awake monkeys while the monkeys performed trained wrist movements and untrained exploratory arm movements. The mean frequency of LFP oscillations was 25.9 +/- 1.4 (SD) Hz and the number of cycles of oscillations per episode was variable, with a mean of 4.2 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SE). 2. Oscillatory episodes occurred most often when the monkeys retrieved raisins from a Klüver board (0.59 +/- 0.23 episodes per s, mean +/- SD) or from unseen locations with the use of somatosensory feedback (0.62 +/- 0.12 episodes per s); they occurred less often when the monkeys performed repetitive wrist flexion and extension movements (0.22 +/- 0.04 episodes per s) or sat quietly at rest (0.23 +/- 0.17 episodes per s). 3. The amplitude of LFP oscillations increased with depth in cortex, reaching a maximum between 1 and 2 mm. LFP oscillations at the surface of the cortex were 180 degrees out of phase with oscillations in the deep cortical layers. The phase shift (with respect to the deep layers) decreased with depth in the cortex and disappeared at depths of > 1 mm. 4. LFPs were recorded simultaneously at multiple sites in the sensorimotor cortex when monkeys retrieved raisins from a Klüver board or from unseen locations. Cross-correlation of LFPs recorded at different sites indicated that oscillations in the 20- to 40-Hz range could become synchronized at sites separated by up to > or = 14 mm in the precentral cortex. 5. The probability of occurrence of significant correlations between LFP oscillations at paired sites and the average correlation amplitude decreased with increasing horizontal separation of sites in precentral cortex. The phase shift between LFP oscillations recorded at paired sites did not change significantly with increasing horizontal separation. 6. For paired sites in precentral cortex, the average strength of correlations and the proportion of oscillations that were significantly correlated were greater during exploratory behaviors such as retrieving raisins from slots of the Klüver board than during periods of rest or overtrained wrist movements. 7. Oscillations could become synchronized with small phase shifts (0.5 +/- 1.6 ms) between pre- and postcentral cortical sites. Average strength and probability of occurrence of significant correlations between pre- and postcentral LFPs increased during exploratory behaviors. 8. Oscillations occurred simultaneously in the left and right motor cortex and could become synchronized with negligible phase shifts when the monkey performed bimanual manipulations. However, synchronization occurred as often and as strongly for unimanual as for bimanual manipulations. 9. These results indicate that episodes of 20- to 40-Hz oscillations occur often and become synchronized over a large cortical area during exploratory forelimb movements. However, they have no reliable relation to particular components of the movement and therefore seem unlikely to be involved directly in movement execution; instead, they may represent a neural correlate of attention during demanding sensorimotor behaviors.
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“Locomotion is also associated with a simultaneous increase in 30–80 Hz gamma band activity.”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Murthy and Fetz, 1996
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Items 501–546 of 546
Overview of In Vivo Cortical Oscillations
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0003
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Plastic changes in thalamocortical systems developing from low-frequency sleep oscillations
Steriade, M. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541711.005
Nash-Kille, A. (2013) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and connectivity in primate sensorimotor cortex
Seeman, S. C. (2016) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
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Hussain, S. J., Vollmer, M. K., Iturrate, I., & Quentin, R. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/776393
“…is not static but dynamically fluctuates, rapidly oscillating between periods of excitation and inhibition (Buszaki 2006; Murthy and Fetz 1992; Murthy and Fetz 1996a; Murthy and Fetz 1996b; Salmelin and Hari 1994; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar 1979; Pfurtscheller and Lopes da Silva 1999) that…”
BackgroundCoding of Natural Features by Neuronal Synchronization in Primary Visual Cortex
Bernard, M. R. (2008)
Steriade, M. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541711.008
Yun, R., Bogaard, A. R., Richardson, A. G., Zanos, S. P., Perlmutter, S. I., & Fetz, E. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.782188
“Different frequency bands of local field potentials (LFPs) exhibit unique modulation throughout movement planning, execution, and termination, and are thought to reflect underlying excitatory and inhibitory circuitry (Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Baker et al., 1999; Engel et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSteriade, M. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541711.001
Lehnert, J. (2015) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25115-8_1
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0005
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0001
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0006
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0004
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0014
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0002
Roger, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0007
Hayden, B. Y. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733808513.793565489
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(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.002.0004
(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.002.0006
(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.002.0005
(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.002.0009
Synchronization in Networks of Neural Mass Model Populations with Discrete Couplings
Plotnikov, S. A. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Control Science and Systems Engineering (ICCSSE) · doi:10.1109/iccsse59359.2023.10245811
“paid to synchronization in neural network dynamics, where it is connected with brain cognitive abilities [15], [16] and pathological brain states [17], [18].”
BackgroundSpike synchrony as a measure of Gestalt structurePreprint
Zemliak, V., Mayer, J., Nieters, P., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570259
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“For instance, the LFP’s overall cadence alters between active movement and quiescence [30–32] (Fig.”
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Sinha, N., Yao, J., Harosh, O. B., et al. (2025) · Biosystems & biorobotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85000-4_35
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Khanna, P., Farrokhi, B., Choi, H., Griffin, S., Heimbuch, I. S., Novik, L., Thiesen, K., Morrison, J. H., Morecraft, R. J., & Ganguly, K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652217 · Cited by 1
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Khanna, P., Farrokhi, B., Choi, H., Griffin, S., Heimbuch, I. S., Novik, L., Thiesen, K., Morrison, J. H., Morecraft, R. J., & Ganguly, K. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.107473.1
Tarasi, L., Lobov, A., del Prete, C., Falaschi, D., Feo, V. D., & Sel, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694630
“…motor system; thus, beta-band rhythms (14–30 Hz) are typically associated with interhemispheric synchronization during bimanual and unimanual tasks (Murthy and Fetz, 1996), as well as to motor execution, motor preparation and the stable maintenance of motor states (Barone and Rossiter, 2021;…”
Georgiev, C., Mongold, S. J., Naeije, G., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699672
Torrecillos, F. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/aa66f432z8f86z4821za5e2z30e11c35f2a4
Georgiev, C., Mongold, S. J., Naeije, G., & Bourguignon, M. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70600
“Investigations of the beta oscillations during movement execution have consistently identified the neural sources of beta ERD to be located predominantly in the SM1 contralateral to the moving limb (Bonaiuto et al. 2021; Murthy and Fetz 1996; Tzagarakis et al. 2010; Zich et al. 2023).”
Beta bursts in SMA mediate anticipatory muscle inhibition
Manyukhina, V. O., Abdoun, O., Rienzo, F. D., Barlaam, F., Daligault, S., Delpuech, C., Szul, M. J., Bonaiuto, J. J., Bonnefond, M., & Schmitz, C. (2026) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag054 · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Murthy, V. N., & Fetz, E. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1996-12-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3949-3967
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1787747564
- Cited by
- 544
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 14.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS12542)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00166, P51RR000166)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- sensorimotor cortex, local field potentials, cortical oscillations, neuronal synchronization, precentral cortex, inter-site correlation, exploratory behavior, somatosensory feedback, arm movement, monkey behavior, unit activity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electromyography, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, Exploratory Behavior, Feedback, Hand, Functional Laterality, Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina, Movement, Neurons, Periodicity, Somatosensory Cortex, Time Factors, Evoked Potentials, Motor
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