The DOI matches its Crossref record; 684 of the 684 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brain Glucose Metabolism: Integration of Energetics with Function
Abstract
Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components. Neuronal glucose oxidation exceeds that in astrocytes, but both rates increase in direct proportion to excitatory neurotransmission; signaling and metabolism are closely coupled at the local level. Exact details of neuron–astrocyte glutamate–glutamine cycling remain to be established, and the specific roles of glucose and lactate in the cellular energetics of these processes are debated. Glycolysis is preferentially upregulated during brain activation even though oxygen availability is sufficient (aerobic glycolysis). Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in excess of oxygen, and adrenergic regulation of aerobic glycolysis draws attention to astrocytic metabolism, particularly glycogen turnover, which has a high impact on the oxygen–carbohydrate mismatch. Aerobic glycolysis is proposed to be predominant in young children and specific brain regions, but re-evaluation of data is necessary. Shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation, neurotransmission, and memory consolidation are controversial topics for which alternative mechanisms are proposed. Nutritional therapy and vagus nerve stimulation are translational bridges from metabolism to clinical treatment of diverse brain disorders.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 601–684 of 684
Satrústegui, J., & Bak, L. K. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1652-8 · Cited by 33
Involvement of cellular metabolism in age-related LTP modifications in rat hippocampal slices
Drulis‐Fajdasz, D., Wójtowicz, T., Wawrzyniak, M., Włodarczyk, J., Mozrzymas, J. W., & Rakus, D. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4188 · Cited by 32
Dienel, G. A., Cruz, N. F., & Sokoloff, L. (1993) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1993.40 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSvedružić, Ž. M., & Spivey, H. O. (2006) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.20862 · Cited by 32
Dienel, G. A., Cruz, N. F., Mori, K., & Sokoloff, L. (1990) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01981.x · Cited by 32
Self-citationChoi, I., Lee, P., Hughes, A. J., Denney, D. R., & LYNCH, S. G. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516669441 · Cited by 32
Linde, Schmalbruch, Paulson, O. B., & Madsen (1999) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00522.x · Cited by 31
Glycolytic and oxidative metabolic contributions to potassium ion transport in rat cerebral cortex
Rosenthal, M., & Sick, T. J. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y92-258 · Cited by 31
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate Signaling Rather than Metabolism
DiNuzzo, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2016.00002 · Cited by 31
Negligible Glucose‐6‐Phosphatase Activity in Cultured Astroglia
Gotoh, J., Itoh, Y., Kuang, T., Cook, M., Law, M. J., & Sokoloff, L. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0741400.x · Cited by 30
Decreased levels of free d-aspartic acid in the forebrain of serine racemase (Srr) knock-out mice
Horio, M., Ishima, T., Fujita, Y., Inoue, R., Mori, H., & Hashimoto, K. (2013) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.015 · Cited by 30
Katane, M., Kawata, T., Nakayama, K., Saitoh, Y., Kaneko, Y., Matsuda, S., Saitoh, Y., Miyamoto, T., Sekine, M., & Homma, H. (2015) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.b14-00690 · Cited by 30
Comparison of glucose and lactate as substrates during NMDA-induced activation of hippocampal slices
Chih, C.-P., He, J., Sly, T. S., & Roberts, E. L. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03306-0 · Cited by 30
Leegsma‐Vogt, G., Venema, K., & Korf, J. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000080650.64357.8f · Cited by 30
Brain Slice Glucose Utilization
Newman, G. C., Hospod, F. E., & Patlak, C. S. (1988) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01160.x · Cited by 30
Rogalski, A. A., & Cohen, R. S. (1997) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1023/a:1026377004261 · Cited by 30
Öz, G., DiNuzzo, M., Kumar, A. F., Moheet, A. A., Khowaja, A. A., Kubisiak, K. M., Eberly, L. E., & Seaquist, E. R. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16678240 · Cited by 30
Rasmussen, P., Nyberg, N. T., Jaroszewski, J. W., Krogh‐Madsen, R., Secher, N. H., & Quistorff, B. (2010) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.25 · Cited by 29
Linde, R., Hasselbalch, S. G., Topp, S., Paulson, O. B., & Madsen, P. L. (2005) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600177 · Cited by 29
Dienel, G. A., & Cruz, N. F. (1993) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03508.x · Cited by 29
Self-citationCotransport of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Actin in Axons of Chicken Motoneurons
Yuan, A., Mills, R. G., Bamburg, J. R., & Bray, J. J. (1999) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1023/a:1006953022763 · Cited by 28
Cerebral Metabolism and Visualization of Cerebral Activity
Sokoloff, L. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60946-6_30 · Cited by 28
Activation of mammalian phosphofructokinases by ribose 1,5-bisphosphate.
Ishikawa, E., Ogushi, S., Ishikawa, T., & Uyeda, K. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30596-3 · Cited by 28
Astrocyte activation in vivo during graded photic stimulation
Dienel, G. A., Schmidt, K., & Cruz, N. F. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04859.x · Cited by 28
Self-citationShetty, P. K., Sadgrove, M. P., Galeffi, F., & Turner, D. A. (2011) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.002 · Cited by 27
The effect of glycogen phosphorolysis on basal glutaminergic transmission
Mozrzymas, J. W., Szczęsny, T. J., & Rakus, D. (2010) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.033 · Cited by 27
Ben‐Yoseph, O., Boxer, P. A., & Ross, B. D. (1996) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf02532410 · Cited by 27
Ziemińska, E., Hilgier, W., Waagepetersen, H. S., Hertz, L., Sonnewald, U., Schousboe, A., & Albrecht, J. (2004) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-004-6885-x · Cited by 27
Dienel, G. A., Cruz, N. F., Adachi, K., Sokoloff, L., & Holden, J. E. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.5.e839 · Cited by 27
Self-citationProton Fall or Bicarbonate Rise
Theparambil, S. M., Weber, T., Schmälzle, J., Ruminot, I., & Deitmer, J. W. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.730143 · Cited by 27
Rodrigues, T. B., Gray, H. L., Benito, M., Garrido, S., Sierra, A., Geraldes, C. F. G. C., Ballesteros, P., & Cerdán, S. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20308 · Cited by 26
Non‐invasive quantification of brain glycogen absolute concentration
Morgenthaler, F. D., van Heeswijk, R. B., Xin, L., Laus, S., Frenkel, H., Lei, H., & Rolf Gruetter, A. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05717.x · Cited by 26
Duarte, J. M. N., Morgenthaler, F. D., & Rolf Gruetter, A. (2017) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-017-2178-z · Cited by 26
Functional impact of glycogen degradation on astrocytic signalling
Müller, M. S. (2014) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20140157 · Cited by 25
Lund, T. M., Obel, L. F., Risa, Ø., & Sonnewald, U. (2011) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.002 · Cited by 25
COX, D. W. G., Drower, J., & Bachelard, H. S. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00237833 · Cited by 25
Quach, T. (1988) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(88)90185-2 · Cited by 25
Gebril, H. M., Avula, B., Wang, Y., Khan, I. A., & Jekabsons, M. B. (2015) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.12.008 · Cited by 25
Hertz, L., Chen, Y., & Song, D. (2016) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-016-1828-x · Cited by 25
Mathieu, C., Duval, R., Cocaign, A., Petit, E., Bui, L. C., Haddad, I., Vinh, J., Etchebest, C., Dupret, J., & Rodrigues‐Lima, F. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.757062 · Cited by 25
Alternative Fuels in Epilepsy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Tefera, T. W., Tan, K. N., McDonald, T. S., & Borges, K. (2016) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-016-2106-7 · Cited by 25
Rowlands, B. D., Lau, C. L., Ryall, J. G., Thomas, D. S., Klugmann, M., Beart, P. M., & Rae, C. D. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23570 · Cited by 24
Glutamate stimulates 2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat cerebellar granule cells
Minervini, M., Atlante, A., Gagliardi, S., Ciotti, M. T., Marra, E., & Calissano, P. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00547-7 · Cited by 23
Gaitonde, M. K., Jones, J. M., & Evans, G. (1987) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1987.0036 · Cited by 23
Ueda, T. (2016) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_7 · Cited by 23
Rae, C. D., Nasrallah, F. A., & Bröer, S. (2009) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-009-9973-0 · Cited by 22
Measurement of 10−7 to 10−12 mol of potassium by stimulation of pyruvate kinase
Outlaw, W. H., & Lowry, O. H. (1979) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(79)90673-0 · Cited by 22
Dienel, G. A., Rothman, D. L., & Nordström, C. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16666552 · Cited by 22
Self-citationHargittai, P. T., & Lieberman, E. M. (1991) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440040410 · Cited by 21
Kauppinen, R. A., Taipale, H., & Komulainen, H. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb11771.x · Cited by 21
Behavioral characterization of a mutant mouse strain lacking d-amino acid oxidase activity
Zhang, M., Ballard, M. E., Basso, A. M., Bratcher, N. A., Browman, K. E., Curzon, P., Konno, R., Meyer, A. H., & Rueter, L. E. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.030 · Cited by 21
Roberts, E. L. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30411-3_7 · Cited by 21
Monoaminergic Control of Cellular Glucose Utilization by Glycogenolysis in Neocortex and Hippocampus
DiNuzzo, M., Giove, F., Maraviglia, B., & Mangia, S. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1656-4 · Cited by 20
Simpson, K. L., Waterhouse, B. D., & Lin, R. C. S. (2006) · The Anatomical Record Part A Discoveries in Molecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1002/ar.a.20287 · Cited by 20
Okada, Y., & Lipton, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30411-3_2 · Cited by 20
Takeda, K., & Ueda, T. (2016) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-016-2037-3 · Cited by 19
Energy Metabolism in the Brain
Dienel, G. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397179-1.00003-8 · Cited by 18
Self-citationSharp, F. R. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90157-8 · Cited by 18
Enzyme complexity in intermediary metabolism
SCHAFTINGEN, E. V., Veiga‐da‐Cunha, M., & Linster, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-015-9821-0 · Cited by 18
Hohnholt, M. C., Andersen, V. H., Bak, L. K., & Waagepetersen, H. S. (2016) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-016-2036-4 · Cited by 18
Benveniste, H., Dienel, G. A., Jacob, Z., Lee, H., Makaryus, R., GJEDDE, A. H., Hyder, F., & Rothman, D. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00631 · Cited by 18
Self-citationMetabolic studies on perinatal human brain
Himwich, W. A., Benaron, H. B. W., Tucker, B. E., et al. (1959) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1959.14.6.873 · Cited by 17
Hadera, M. G., McDonald, T. S., Smeland, O. B., Meisingset, T. W., Eloqayli, H., Jaradat, S. A., Borges, K., & Sonnewald, U. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1728-5 · Cited by 16
Pauwels, P. J., & Trouet, A. (1984) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(84)90437-3 · Cited by 16
Jekabsons, M. B., Gebril, H. M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., & Khan, I. A. (2017) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.020 · Cited by 16
Maintained cerebral metabolic ratio during exercise in patients with β‐adrenergic blockade
Gam, C. M. B. F., Rasmussen, P. V., Secher, N. H., Seifert, T., Larsen, F. S., & Nielsen, H. B. (2009) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.2009.00889.x · Cited by 15
Dienel, G. A., Behar, K. L., & Rothman, D. L. (2017) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858417749375 · Cited by 15
Self-citationDienel, G. A., Cruz, N. F., Sokoloff, L., & Driscoll, B. F. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1650-x · Cited by 12
Self-citationNitrous oxide and xenon increase noradrenaline release in the cerebral cortex in vivo and in vitro
Yoshida, H., Kushikata, T., Tose, R., Kudo, M., Kudo, T., & Hirota, K. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.074 · Cited by 12
Ueda, T., & Ikemoto, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30411-3_10 · Cited by 11
Andrés, V., Carreras, J., & Cussó, R. (1988) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80301-2 · Cited by 11
K+ Homeostasis in the Brain: A New Role for Glycogenolysis
Mangia, S., Giove, F., & DiNuzzo, M. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0962-3 · Cited by 11
Techniques and strategies in neurocritical care originating from Southern Scandinavia
Nordström, C., Nielsen, T. H., & Jacobsen, A. (2013) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-1157 · Cited by 11
COX, D. W. G., & Bachelard, H. S. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91177-8 · Cited by 10
Amobarbital inhibits K+-stimulated glucose oxidation in cerebellar granule neurons by two mechanisms
Peng, L., & Hertz, L. (2002) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01794-6 · Cited by 9
Albers, R. W., Siegel, G. J., & Xie, Z. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374947-5.00003-1 · Cited by 9
Heidelberger, R., Shouval, H. Z., Zucker, R. S., & Byrne, J. H. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397179-1.00018-x · Cited by 8
Joseph, J. A., & Gibson, G. E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30411-3_12 · Cited by 8
7.2 Genetics and Gene Expression of Glycolysis
LaManna, J. C., Pichiule, P., & Chavez, J. C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30411-3_28 · Cited by 8
Astrocytic Vesicle‐based Exocytosis in Cultures and Acutely Isolated Hippocampal Rodent Slices
Jorgačevski, J., Potokar, M., Kreft, M., Guček, A., Mothet, J., & Zorec, R. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24051 · Cited by 8
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in developing rat brain
Ambrosio, S., Ventura, F., & Bartrons, R. (1992) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(92)90092-b · Cited by 5
Hexose diphosphates and phosphofructokinase in rat brain during development
Dombrowski, G. J., Swiatek, K. R., & Chao, K. (1994) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf01006822 · Cited by 4
Assessment of Mitochondrial Protein Glutathionylation as Signaling for CO Pathway
Almeida, A. S., Figueiredo-Pereira, C., & Vieira, H. L. A. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1266-8_19 · Cited by 2
Assessment of Mitochondrial Protein Glutathionylation as Signaling for CO Pathway
Almeida, A. S., & Vieira, H. L. A. (2015) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2257-4_30 · Cited by 1
Cited by
Lactate metabolism in human health and disease
Li, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, B., Lin, X., Fu, X., An, Y., Zou, Y., Wang, J.-X., Wang, Z., & Yu, T. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01151-3 · Cited by 1,454
Brain energy rescue: an emerging therapeutic concept for neurodegenerative disorders of ageing
Cunnane, S. C., Trushina, E., Morland, C., Prigione, A., Casadesus, G., Andrews, Z. B., Beal, M. F., Bergersen, L. H., Brinton, R. D., de la Monte, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-020-0072-x · Cited by 1,003
Astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation shapes brain activity
Bonvento, G., & Bolaños, J. P. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.07.006 · Cited by 580
Lactate and lactylation in cancer
Chen, J., Huang, Z., Chen, Y., Tian, H., Chai, P., Shen, Y., Yao, Y., Xu, S., Ge, S., & Jia, R. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-02082-x · Cited by 477
Glutamate metabolism and recycling at the excitatory synapse in health and neurodegeneration
Andersen, J. V., Markussen, K. H., Jakobsen, E., Schousboe, A., Waagepetersen, H. S., Rosenberg, P. A., & Aldana, B. I. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108719 · Cited by 371
Metadata
- Authors
- Dienel, G. A.
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2019-01-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 949-1045
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W2904701356
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 684
- FWCI
- 6.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.