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Associations between Parental Anxiety/Depression and Child Behavior Problems Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Roles of Parenting Stress and Parenting Self-Efficacy
Open accessAbstract
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been shown to experience increases in stress, depression, and anxiety, which are also associated with child behavior problems related to ASDs. Literature-examining potential mechanisms that underlie the relationship of child behavior problems and parental anxiety/depression in this population are scarce. The current study sought to examine the roles of parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy as mediators between child behavior problems and parental anxiety/depression. Using a sample of 134 mothers, these potential mediators were tested. Hypotheses were supported, indicating that parenting stress mediated the relationship between child behavior problems and decreased parenting self-efficacy, and decreased parenting self-efficacy in turn partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and increased depression/anxiety.
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“It is well known that parental competence and problem-solving skills are influenced by the disruptive behavior of their kids [47,48].”
From The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well‐being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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“anxiety and depression (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
From Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011
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“Email: zshoar@gmail.com awareness and broadened diagnostic criteria (Green et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2011; Rezendes and Scarpa, 2011).”
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“There is also emerging evidence that parental self-efficacy (PSE) is a key resource and a positive contributory factor to the outcomes for parents of children with ASD (DesChamps et al., 2020; Garcia-Lopez, et al., 2016a; Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
BackgroundProtective Factors Against Distress for Caregivers of a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lindsey, R. A., & Barry, T. D. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3372-1 · Cited by 79
“In addition to ASD symptom severity, both the externalizing and internalizing behaviors often exhibited by children with ASD contribute to caregiver distress (e.g., Estes et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2014; Rezendes and Scarpa 2011).”
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COVID-19 and autism: Uncertainty, distress and feeling forgotten
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Factors Associated with Stress Among Parents of Children with Autism.
Batool, S. S., & Khurshid, S. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.2015/jcpsp.752756 · Cited by 55
Gutiérrez, M. D. L. I., & Olivar, J.-S. (2015) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2015/127853 · Cited by 67
“The work by Rezendes and Scarpa [46] examines the roles of parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy as mediators between child behaviour problems and parental anxiety/depression, using a sample of 134 mothers with an average age of 39 and children with ASD within the age range 3–16 years.”
MethodWomen's posttraumatic stress symptoms and autism spectrum disorder in their children
Roberts, A. L., Koenen, K. C., Lyall, K., Ascherio, A., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.02.004 · Cited by 59
“…health outcomes, including poorer general mental health (Sawyer, et al., 2010), distress (Estes et al., 2009), depression (Brooke Ingersoll & Hambrick, 2011; B. Ingersoll, Meyer, & Becker, 2011; Sawyer, et al., 2010) and anxiety (Micali, Chakrabarti, & Fombonne, 2004; Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
García‐López, C., Sarriá, E., Pozo, P., & Recio, P. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2883-5 · Cited by 55
García‐López, C., Sarriá, E., & Pozo, P. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2771-z · Cited by 53
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“It is well known that parental competence and problem-solving skills are influenced by the disruptive behavior of their kids [47,48].”
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Mohammadi, F., Rakhshan, M., Molazem, Z., & Gillespie, M. (2019) · Investigación y Educación en Enfermería · doi:10.17533/udea.iee.v37n3e03 · Cited by 42
“According to the results, seven articles had evaluated parenting competence in parents with autistic children using Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and Sense of Competence Scale of the Parenting Stress Index.(43,47-51) The findings of these studies indicated that autistic children’s behavioral problems affected th…”
ResultWarfield, M. E., Chiri, G., Leutz, W. N., & Timberlake, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12102 · Cited by 43
Kulasinghe, K., Whittingham, K., Mitchell, A. E., & Boyd, R. N. (2022) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15432 · Cited by 44
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Stephenson, K. G., Fenning, R. M., Macklin, E. A., Lu, F., Norris, M., Steinberg-Epstein, R., & Butter, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05681-1 · Cited by 45
Li, S. N., Chien, W. T., Lam, S. K. K., Chen, Z. Y., & Ma, X. (2024) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102389 · Cited by 40
Ueda, M. M., Ding, Y., Blumberg, F. C., Chun, Z., Yu, Q., & Lantier‐Galatas, K. (2020) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-020-09727-z · Cited by 41
Resilience in Daily Occupations of Indonesian Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Santoso, T. B., Ito, Y., Ohshima, N., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2015.017566 · Cited by 36
“Finally, self-efficacy, or belief in one’s ability to achieve goals, is affected by factors such as the severity of the child’s ASD (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011), level of professional support (Hastings & Symes, 2002), and availability of early intervention (Reichow & Wolery, 2009).”
Predictors of Mental Health in Chinese Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Su, X., Cai, R. Y., & Uljarević, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3364-1 · Cited by 43
“Both original (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995) and Chinese version have been shown to have excellent psychometric properties across normative and clinical samples, and importantly with parents of youth with ASD (Eapen et al. 2014; Rezendes and Scarpa 2011).”
BackgroundParenting self-efficacy beliefs in parents of children with autism: Perspectives from Singapore.
Chong, W. H., & Kua, S. M. (2016) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000169 · Cited by 40
“Substantial empirical evidence attests to the psychological stress and negative well-being of parents that are linked to parenting children with autism (e.g., Pottie & Ingram, 2008; Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
BackgroundParental Self-efficacy in Promoting Children Care and Parenting Qualityvv
Benedetto, L., & Ingrassia, M. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.68933 · Cited by 34
“Particularly in children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), severity of symptoms (socially inappropriate, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors) increases mother’s perceived stress that, in turn, impacts PSE increasing maternal feelings of anxiety/depression [62].”
BackgroundYusuf, A., Wright, N., Steiman, M., González, M., Karpur, A., Shih, A. J., Shikako‐Thomas, K., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271229 · Cited by 37
“Parenting self-efficacy, defined as a parent’s “belief in their ability to perform the parenting role successfully” [23], is one familial predictor of resilience that has been linked to use of more optimal parenting and positive behavioural outcomes in both typically developing children and children with disabilities…”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of Parental Self-Efficacy in Parents of Autistic Children
Brennan, J., Ward, O. F., Tomeny, T. S., & Davis, T. E. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00495-2 · Cited by 37
“Specifically, an autistic child’s problem behaviors were positively associated with parenting stress, which was then associated with decreased PSE (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
InfluentialEffects of School Closures Resulting From COVID-19 in Autistic and Neurotypical Children
Genova, H. M., Arora, A., & Botticello, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.761485 · Cited by 35
Parental Stress and Quality of Life in Parents of Young Children with Autism
Neijs, L. D.-D., Boeke, D. B., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. A., Swaab, H., & Ester, W. A. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01693-3 · Cited by 54
“…that mothers of school aged children with ASD experience 1.5-times higher levels of daily parenting stress [27], present more stress-related mental and/or physical problems and have an elevated mortality hazard ratio compared to mothers of typically developing children [20, 27, 40, 41, 46, 58].”
InfluentialAl-Oran, H. M., & Lee, K. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-021-00345-w · Cited by 28
“To conclude, the small sample size may not have been appropriate to accurately determine the Table 1 Summary of published studies on predictors of parenting stress in parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2009–2020) (Continued) Authors/ year/ country Study aim Study design Description of study Predictors…”
BackgroundInfluentialZhao, M., You, Y., Chen, S., Li, L., Du, X., & Wang, Y. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412913 · Cited by 34
“The scale is a 21-item, selfreported, norm-referenced measurement designed to investigate the severity of common depression, stress, and anxiety symptoms, [37] and Chinese versions have been shown to have excellent psychometric properties across normative and clinical samples and, importantly, with parents of youth wi…”
BackgroundGarcía‐López, C., Sarriá, E., & Pozo, P. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.04.003 · Cited by 36
Almendingen, A., & Pilkington, P. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05939-2 · Cited by 27
“…for known predictors of self-efficacy beliefs or parental psychological distress, including parent and child gender (Jones & Prinz, 2005 ), parent (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011 ) and child (Coleman & Karraker, 2000) age, and household income (Coleman & Karraker, 2000). bias-corrected and accelerated…”
Kulasinghe, K., Whittingham, K., & Mitchell, A. E. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320984625 · Cited by 28
“Although one study found that older mothers may experience more difficulties responding to the challenges of raising a child with ASD (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011), another found younger parental age to be linked with poorer mental health (Falk et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRattaz, C., Loubersac, J., Michelon, C., Picot, M., & Baghdadli, A. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104497 · Cited by 38
Social Support and Parenting Stress in Hispanic Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Martinez, V. C., & Turnage, D. M. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2022.2100949 · Cited by 26
“Increased parental stress influences depression and anxiety among parents of autistic children (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
BackgroundLevinson, S., Neuspiel, J. M., Eisenhower, A., & Blacher, J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04675-1 · Cited by 26
Lanyi, J., Mannion, A., Chen, J. L., & Leader, G. (2021) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2021.1922529 · Cited by 28
“Other research also reported that greater behavioral problems in children with ASD positively correlated to parental stress.(39) A recently published review concluded that parents of those with an ASD diagnosis experienced higher levels of stress than any other parent group.”
BackgroundAlemdar, D. K., Yılmaz, G., & Günaydın, N. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01630-5 · Cited by 25
“According to Rezendes and Scarpa (2011), the stress experienced by parents of children with disabilities reduces parental self-efficacy and increases anxiety and depression.”
BackgroundQuality of life of children and families
Puka, K., Conway, L., & Smith, M. L. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64148-9.00028-4 · Cited by 29
Jackson, S. Z., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Deatrick, J. A., Boyd, R. C., & Souders, M. C. (2022) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903221104147 · Cited by 24
“…by maternal stress and depressive symptoms (Mahoney et al., 1998; Osborne et al., 2008) and that the effect of child aberrant behavior on maternal depression may be mediated by factors, such as maternal self-efficacy and family functioning (Hastings & Brown, 2002; Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
BackgroundChiracu, A., Cosma, G., Stepan, A., Cosma, M., Corlaci, I., Călugăru, E. D. C., Voinea, F., Zăvăleanu, M., Burileanu, H. A., & Avramescu, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145104 · Cited by 29
“Self-efficacy, as a component of PsyCap, has also been shown to be an important resource in maintaining a high level of wellbeing and even of health state (Rezendes and Scarpa, 2011; Guillamón et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPereira, A. S., Azhari, A., Hong, C. A., Gaskin, G. E., Borelli, J. L., & Esposito, G. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050652 · Cited by 27
“Lower maternal self-efficacy has been found to be correlated to higher self-reported maternal anxiety [45].”
BackgroundSchiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Gonring, K., Haendel, A. D., Murphy, C. C., Hecke, A. V. V., & Gerdes, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02083-2 · Cited by 25
“Shared features of autism and ADHD may include challenges with executive functioning (Antshel et al., 2016; Antshel & Russo, 2019), social cognition (Antshel & Russo, 2019; Mikami et al., 2019), and social interactions (Gardner & Gerdes, 2015; Marton et al., 2015; Rowley et al., 2012).”
Yarger, H. A., & Redcay, E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000084x · Cited by 23
“…relations among parent stress, child characteristics such as behavior problems and increased rates of anxiety or depression in parents has been observed (e.g., Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011), underscoring the importance of providing intervention strategies for parents in order to help manage stress.”
BackgroundExamining indicators of psychosocial risk and resilience in parents of autistic children
Nunnally, A. D., Factor, R. S., Sturm, A., Soorya, L. V., Wainer, A., Taylor, S. L., Ponzini, M. D., Abbeduto, L., & Gulsrud, A. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1102516 · Cited by 27
“, 2008), which in turn was associated with parents’ higher levels of anxiety and depression (Rezendes and Scarpa, 2011).”
Vitale, S. R., Schneider, H. L., Gardner, L. M., Alessandri, M., & Marker, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05627-7 · Cited by 26
Putney, J. M., Greenlee, J. L., & Hartley, S. L. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12617 · Cited by 20
“…model, mothers and fathers of children with ASD report higher subjective level of parenting stress than parents of typically developing children (e.g., Estes et al., 2013) and parents of children with other types of neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
BackgroundPositive Family Intervention for Children with ASD: Impact on Parents’ Cognitions and Stress
Mueller, R., & Moskowitz, L. J. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01830-1 · Cited by 19
Manan, A. I. A., Amit, N., Said, Z., & Ahmad, M. (2018) · Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia · doi:10.17576/jskm-2018-16si-19 · Cited by 21
Kubo, N., Kitagawa, M., Iwamoto, S., & Kishimoto, T. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00389-z · Cited by 31
Parental stress and symptoms of depression: a preliminary report
Barańczuk, U., & Pisula, E. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1797450 · Cited by 18
“…The British Society of Developmental Disabilities 2020 DOI 10.1080/20473869.2020.1797450 International Journal of Developmental Disabilities 2022 VOL. 68 NO. 4 445 2008, Marshall et al. 2018, Pottie and Ingram 2008, Rezendes and Scarpa 2011, Taylor and Warren 2012, Yorke et al. 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHou, Y., Yan, T., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087729 · Cited by 17
“org transition activities may increase parental parenting stress, thus hindering children’s social adjustment (Rezendes and Scarpa, 2011).”
BackgroundGreen, J. L., Rinehart, N., Anderson, V. A., Efron, D., Nicholson, J. M., Jongeling, B., Hazell, P., & Sciberras, E. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0861-2 · Cited by 17
Taylor, L. J., Luk, S. Y. L., Leadbitter, K., Moore, H. L., & Charman, T. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101738 · Cited by 20
Öztürk, Y., Vivanti, G., Uljarević, M., & Dissanayake, C. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.021 · Cited by 21
Hassenfeldt, T. A., Lorenzi, J., & Scarpa, A. (2014) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-014-0038-1 · Cited by 20
“…serve as a co-therapist, these stressors are not typically targets of treatment in PT. Parental stress often accompanies an ASD diagnosis, and decreases in parental stress are viewed as positive secondary outcomes as the child achieves treatment goals (Koegel et al. 1996; Rezendes and Scarpa 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationO papel da autoeficácia parental na saúde mental de mães de crianças com Síndrome da Zika Congênita
de Lima, T. J. S., & de Souza, L. E. C. (2021) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232020261.02222019 · Cited by 16
Fante, C., Zagaria, A., Dioni, B., Raffin, C., Capelli, F., Manari, T., Lenzo, V., Picione, R. D. L., & Musetti, A. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102351 · Cited by 15
Andrioni, F., Coman, C., Ghita, R.-C., Bularca, M. C., Motoi, G., & Fulger, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042161 · Cited by 15
“Behavioural disorders in children lead to an increase in parental stress, which leads to decreased self-efficacy of parental role and the subsequent development of feelings of depression and anxiety [15] (pp.”
BackgroundPSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AMONG PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
Wahab, R., & Ramli, F. F. A. (2022) · International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.35631/ijepc.746037 · Cited by 14
“Parents of children with autism reported to be substantially more depressed than the parents of children with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD-NOS) (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
BackgroundCaring for autism in Ghana: exploring the psychological impact and coping strategies of caregivers
Acheampong, J. O. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2374686 · Cited by 19
“The study findings contradict earlier research outcomes by Rezendes and Scarpa (2011) that older caregivers report higher stress levels and find it more challenging to deal with the demands of raising a child with ASD.”
Fenning, R. M., Butter, E. M., Norris, M., Chan, J. G. M., Macklin, E. A., McKinnon-Bermingham, K., Albright, C. M., Stephenson, K. G., Scherr, J., Moffitt, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05660-6 · Cited by 14
Wahdan, M. M., Malak, M. Z., Al-Amer, R. M., Ayed, A., Russo, S., & Berte, D. Z. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2023.03.018 · Cited by 13
Barreto, S., Wang, S., Guarnaccia, U., Fogelman, N., Sinha, R., & Chaplin, T. M. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics · doi:10.29011/2575-825x.100308 · Cited by 13
“…not possible to say with certainty from our cross-sectional dataset, it could be that while perceived life stress makes a parent more affectively reactive in the moment to a child’s distress, parenting stress works longitudinally along trait anxiety and depressive symptomatology pathways [62,63].”
BackgroundAnxiety and depression in parents of disabled children
Sălceanu, C., & Sandu, M. L. (2020) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v3i1.92 · Cited by 13
“Also, other studies indicate that parenting self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parental depression or anxiety, meaning that decreased parent self-efficacy correlated with increased depression or anxiety (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
ResultA validation study of the Chinese version of the Autism Parenting Stress Index (C-APSI) in Hong Kong
Cheung, T. C. K., & Yeung, C. K. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101762 · Cited by 13
Psychological Well-Being of Mothers of Children With Autism in Saudi Arabia
Alghamdi, K., Alahmadi, S., Sayedahmad, A., & Mosleh, H. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.23284 · Cited by 11
“The study found a significant amount of stress on these mothers compared with mothers of children with typical development [19].”
BackgroundPsychometric Properties of a Polish Version of the Parental Stress Index III (PSI III)
Pisula, E., & Barańczuk, U. (2019) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-019-09697-x · Cited by 11
“…potentially declare the tendency to experience lower psychological well-being, lower positive affect and higher negative affect, as well as more anxiety and depression symptoms (Davis and Carter 2008; Leigh and Milgrom 2008; Marshall et al. 2018; Pottie and Ingram 2008; Rezendes and Scarpa 2011).”
BackgroundBrief report: Parenting stress among Chinese and Dutch caregivers of children with autism
Liu, F., Begeer, S., Hoekstra, R. A., Bai, Q., Wang, C., & Scheeren, A. M. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102224 · Cited by 11
“…reaches adolescence, the persistent nature of parenting stress may gradually accumulate over time, leading to an elevated sense of burden in caregiving, heightened levels of intrapersonal distress, and increased maladaptive coping strategies appear (Cadman et al., 2012; Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
Finding Benefit and Feeling Strain in Parenting a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Adams, H. C., Zlomke, K. R., & Rossetti, K. G. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05663-3 · Cited by 12
Depression among Parents of Disabled Children
Millaku, J., & Kraja-Bardhi, E. (2022) · International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies · doi:10.53894/ijirss.v6i1.1062 · Cited by 10
Aithal, S., Karkou, V., Makris, S., Karaminis, T. N., & Powell, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288626 · Cited by 9
“Parenting stress is also identified to mediate the relationship between child’s behavioural problems and decrease parenting self-efficacy [31].”
BackgroundMavroeidi, N., Sifnaios, C., Ntinou, A., Iatrou, G., Konstantakopoulou, O., Martínez, M. M., Nucifora, M., Tanrıkulu, İ., & Vadolas, A. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21040474 · Cited by 11
“Behavioral issues of their children and the severity of ASD symptoms are among the major contributors to the stress of parents of autistic children [13,14].”
BackgroundPedro, C., Freitas, P., Papoila, A. L., Dias, S. S., Caires, I., Martins, P., & Neuparth, N. M. B. (2017) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102917724334 · Cited by 10
“…with the results of other studies in relation to depression and anxiety (Leigh and Milgrom, 2008; Lewin et al., 2005; Murphy et al., 2010; Rezendes and Scarpa, 2011; Stevenson-Hinde et al., 2007; Williford et al., 2007), which also pointed to an influence of these dimensions on parenting…”
BackgroundResultQu, L., Colombi, C., Chen, W., Miller, A. L., Miller, H. L., & Ulrich, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06543-8 · Cited by 12
“…bidirectional relationship between parenting stress and child behavior problems in autism, with parenting stress contributing to an increase in autism symptoms and behavior problems, and vice versa (Lin et al., 2021; Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011; Rodriguez et al., 2019; Stephenson et al., 2023 ).”
Pivotal response treatment for autism: A brief report on training for rural communities
Dahiya, A. V., Openden, D., Ostmeyer, K. F., Anderson, R. M., & Scarpa, A. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22558 · Cited by 9
Self-citationImpact of COVID-19 on Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Zia, N., Ravanfar, P., Allahdadian, S., & Ghasemi, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175213 · Cited by 8
“parents with ASD have increased as reported by studies in different countries such as the US and Switzerland [41,42].”
ResultInstruction in Functional Assessment
Desrochers, M. N., & Fallon, M. A. (2014) · BiblioBoard Library Catalog (Open Research Library) · Cited by 8
Du, X., Sun, L., & Dong, Q. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01786-7 · Cited by 10
“…with autism have a positive predictive effect on parental anxiety [36], children’s behavioral problems trigger sources of stress and anxiety in mothers [53], and the state and trait anxiety of mothers are positively related to the total score of children’s difficulties and emotional symptoms [54].”
BackgroundLins-Silva, D. H., Bandeira, I. D., Faria-Guimarães, D., Dorea-Bandeira, I., Tolentino, A. C., Miranda‐Scippa, Â., Hermens, D. F., & Lucena, R. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02575-8 · Cited by 8
“Indeed, among parents of children on the autism spectrum, levels of anxiety, depression, and stress increase along with children’s demands [1].”
Virtual Mindfulness Workshops for Parents of Children on the Autism Spectrum
Curl, E. L., & Hampton, L. H. (2023) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/10538151231169950 · Cited by 7
ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN MOTHERS OF DISABLED AND NON-DISABLED CHILDREN
Ramzan, N., & Minhas, K. (2014) · Annals of King Edward Medical University · doi:10.21649/akemu.v20i4.680 · Cited by 7
Kim, J., Lee, S. G., Shin, J., Choi, Y., & Park, E. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.003 · Cited by 7
Perceived Stress among Malay Caregivers of Children with Learning Disabilities in Kelantan
Isa, S. N. I., Ishak, I., Rahman, A. A., Saat, N. Z. M., Din, N. C., Lubis, S. H., & Ismail, M. F. M. (2016) · Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia · doi:10.17576/jskm-2016-1402-09 · Cited by 7
Markodimitraki, M., Charitaki, G., Kypriotaki, M., Fragogianni, M.-E., & Kypriotakis, G. (2022) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2022.2109929 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, Rezendes and Scarpa (2011), examining the interplay of both parental stress and behavioral problems of children with autism spectrum disorders, found that it is the child ’ s behavioral problems and not the severity of the disorder that drives maternal depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundPondé, M. P., Medrado, A. A., Silva, A. M., Campos, R. C., & Siquara, G. M. (2023) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000425 · Cited by 6
“…the importance of providing greater care for the psychological vulnerabilities of parents of ASD children, as a population, lies in the higher negative impact on the ASD children, in the event of their condition and loss of capability to meet the everyday needs and demands of their children 8,20 .”
BackgroundLaçin, E., & LAÇİN, B. G. D. (2023) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295231215414 · Cited by 6
“…studies have indicated that parents of children with intellectual disabilities experience high levels of stress and that high levels of stress are associated with low levels of parental self-ef fi cacy (El Tahir et al., 2022; Hohlfeld et al., 2018; Whiting et al., 2019; Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
Derguy, C., Loyal, D., Devouche, É., & Cappe, É. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103716 · Cited by 12
Athbah, S. Y. (2021) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.36941/jesr-2021-0130 · Cited by 6
Understanding Parental Self-efficacy in Fathers
Sevigny, P. R. (2013) · doi:10.82465/6332 · Cited by 6
Resilience in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ekas, N. V., & Rafferty, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102418-1 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Rezendes, D. L., & Scarpa, A.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scarpa, Angela
- ORCID
- Scarpa, Angela
- Venue
- Autism Research and Treatment
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2011
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 2090-1925 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-1933
- PMC
- PMC3420762
- OpenAlex
- W2141827715
- Semantic Scholar
- e3a6f1ef6c6003ea7bede8ea47c665339617e31a
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism Research and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, parental anxiety, parental depression, child behavior problems, parental stress, parental self-efficacy, mediation, mothers, maternal mental health
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