The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Associations between Parental Anxiety/Depression and Child Behavior Problems Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Roles of Parenting Stress and Parenting Self-Efficacy
Open accessAbstract
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been shown to experience increases in stress, depression, and anxiety, which are also associated with child behavior problems related to ASDs. Literature-examining potential mechanisms that underlie the relationship of child behavior problems and parental anxiety/depression in this population are scarce. The current study sought to examine the roles of parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy as mediators between child behavior problems and parental anxiety/depression. Using a sample of 134 mothers, these potential mediators were tested. Hypotheses were supported, indicating that parenting stress mediated the relationship between child behavior problems and decreased parenting self-efficacy, and decreased parenting self-efficacy in turn partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and increased depression/anxiety.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is well known that parental competence and problem-solving skills are influenced by the disruptive behavior of their kids [47,48].”
From The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well‐being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“anxiety and depression (Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011).”
From Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Rezendes & Scarpa, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532 · cited 2×
“Using the steps of mediation outlined by Baron and Kenny [41] and Holmbeck”
MethodFaul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · cited 1×
“Power for each regression analysis was calculated using G∗Power [43].”
MethodMediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335 · cited 1×
“Additionally, as a way to further explain the mediation, the proportion of the total effect that was mediated was calculated by multiplying the unstandardized regression coefficients of paths a and b and dividing by the unstandardized regression coefficient of path c [44].”
MethodLord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065 · cited 1×
“, hand flapping, fixation on objects or topics) based on the scoring algorithms of the autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic [33] and the autism diagnostic interview-revised [34].”
MethodLord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520 · cited 1×
“, hand flapping, fixation on objects or topics) based on the scoring algorithms of the autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic [33] and the autism diagnostic interview-revised [34].”
MethodPsychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire
GOODMAN, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015 · Cited by 6,813 · cited 2×
“2 for youth scales; [36]).”
Holmbeck, G. N. (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.87 · Cited by 1,866 · cited 1×
“[42], a series of regression analyses were conducted to”
MethodPsychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00068-x · Cited by 1,860 · cited 1×
“81, [35]).”
A Measure of Parenting Satisfaction and Efficacy
Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1802_8 · Cited by 1,840 · cited 1×
“The PSOC is a 16-item self-report measure that assesses perceptions of self-competency in the parental role [37, 38].”
BackgroundSelf-Efficacy and Parenting Quality: Findings and Future Applications
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.1997.0448 · Cited by 1,156 · cited 1×
“Other studies found that self-efficacy is negatively associated with parental psychopathology [26, 27].”
BackgroundBaker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x · Cited by 930 · cited 1×
“[24] found that parental stressors and child behavior problems work in concert to instigate each other.”
BackgroundDepression in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability
Olsson, M. B., & Hwang, C. P. (2001) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00372.x · Cited by 829 · cited 1×
“The significant relationship between child characteristics and the DASS was also not surprising as prior research has shown that children with autism possess various characteristics that are associated with maternal depression [9].”
ResultHastings, R. P., Kovshoff, H., Ward, N. J., Espinosa, F. D., Brown, T., & Remington, B. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0007-8 · Cited by 673 · cited 2×
“Studies examining the parenting experience of fathers have found that fathers report less internalizing symptoms than mothers [8, 12].”
BackgroundCoping strategies in mothers and fathers of preschool and school-age children with autism
Hastings, R. P., Kovshoff, H., Brown, T., Ward, N. J., Espinosa, F. D., & Remington, B. (2005) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361305056078 · Cited by 566 · cited 1×
“Other studies indicate that behavior problems in youth with ASD also predict the level of maternal anxiety and stress experienced [18, 19], as well as maternal mood disorders and depression [20–23].”
BackgroundHastings, R. P. (2003) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00485.x · Cited by 538 · cited 2×
“Other studies indicate that behavior problems in youth with ASD also predict the level of maternal anxiety and stress experienced [18, 19], as well as maternal mood disorders and depression [20–23].”
BackgroundMethodMaternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism.
Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.564 · Cited by 453 · cited 2×
“Furthermore, mothers who reported feeling more guilt about their child’s condition were found to have lower maternal self-efficacy [28].”
BackgroundThe Parenting Sense of Competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity.
Ohan, J. L., Leung, D. W., & Johnston, C. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0087122 · Cited by 446 · cited 1×
“The PSOC is a 16-item self-report measure that assesses perceptions of self-competency in the parental role [37, 38].”
BackgroundSanders, J. L., & Morgan, S. B. (1997) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1300/j019v19n04_02 · Cited by 429
(1983) · PubMed · Cited by 377
Benson, P. R. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0112-3 · Cited by 351
Consistent stress profiles in mothers of children with autism
Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., Loos, L. M., Dirlich-Wilhelm, H., Dunlap, G., Robbins, F. R., & Plienis, A. J. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01058151 · Cited by 314 · cited 1×
“Aspects of the child’s behavior, specifically socially inappropriate and aggressive behaviors typically associated with ASD, have been found to be associated with increases in parenting stress [3, 4], as well as being confronted by antipathy for their child’s behaviors [5] due to a lack of understanding of ASD [6].”
BackgroundBrief report: Psychological effects of parenting stress on parents of autistic children
Wolf, L. C., Noh, S., Fisman, S., & Speechley, M. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212727 · Cited by 297 · cited 1×
“Aspects of the child’s behavior, specifically socially inappropriate and aggressive behaviors typically associated with ASD, have been found to be associated with increases in parenting stress [3, 4], as well as being confronted by antipathy for their child’s behaviors [5] due to a lack of understanding of ASD [6].”
BackgroundFamilies of Autistic Children: Psychological Functioning of Mothers
Rodrigue, J. R., Morgan, S. B., & Geffken, G. R. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_9 · Cited by 283 · cited 1×
“Mothers of children with autism report both increases in parenting stress and decreases in parental competency [30, 31].”
BackgroundHolroyd, J. (1974) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(197401)2:1 · Cited by 268
Parents and Children in Autism
DeMyer, M. K. (1979) · Cited by 241
Psychiatric disorders in the parents of autistic individuals
PIVEN, J., CHASE, G. A., LANDA, R., WZOREK, M., GAYLE, J., CLOUD, D., & FOLSTEIN, S. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199105000-00019 · Cited by 206 · cited 1×
“In fact, the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder may be higher in the parents of children with autism than parents of children with Down syndrome [10].”
BackgroundStress, Anxiety and Depression Among Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. F. (2004) · Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1017/s1037291100002466 · Cited by 202 · cited 2×
“Studies examining the parenting experience of fathers have found that fathers report less internalizing symptoms than mothers [8, 12].”
BackgroundPakenham, K. I., Sofronoff, K., & Samios, C. (2004) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2003.06.003 · Cited by 200 · cited 1×
“[25] examined the role of self-efficacy within the parental coping process of adjusting to their child’s ASD diagnosis and found that parents with better adjustment and coping skills had higher self-efficacy.”
BackgroundPsycho-social well-being among the parents of children with autism
Gray, D. E., & Holden, W. J. (1992) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.1080/07263869200034841 · Cited by 188
Mothers’ expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities
Beck, A., Daley, D., Hastings, R. P., & Stevenson, J. (2004) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00564.x · Cited by 151 · cited 1×
“Child behavioral problems in particular, and not the severity of the disorder, have been found to contribute to maternal depressive symptoms; additionally, a child’s lack of prosocial behaviors contributes to maternal stress [17].”
BackgroundWoolfson, L. M., & Grant, E. (2006) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00603.x · Cited by 147 · cited 1×
“Since mothers of children with ASD experience higher levels of stress compared to mothers of typical children [32], their increases in parenting stress may reduce parenting self-efficacy, which in turn might lead to increases in anxiety/depression.”
BackgroundGowen, J. W., Johnson-Martin, N. M., Goldman, B. D., & Appelbaum, M. I. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 117
Jackson, A. P., & Huang, C. C. (2000) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488370009511335 · Cited by 99 · cited 1×
“Other studies found that self-efficacy is negatively associated with parental psychopathology [26, 27].”
BackgroundBehavior Problems in Young Children With or At Risk for Developmental Delay
Feldman, M. A., Hancock, C. L., Rielly, N. E., Minnes, P., & Cairns, C. (2000) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1009427306953 · Cited by 93
The Handicapped Child: Psychological Effects of Parental, Marital, and Sibling Relationships
Fisman, S., & Wolf, L. C. (1991) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30333-2 · Cited by 88 · cited 1×
“Mothers of children with autism report both increases in parenting stress and decreases in parental competency [30, 31].”
BackgroundGlidden, L. M. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 78
Walker, L. S., Ortiz-Valdes, J. A., & Newbrough, J. R. (1989) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/14.3.357 · Cited by 74
Perception of the Impact of a Child??s Chronic Illness
Ireys, H. T., & Silver, E. J. (1996) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199604000-00002 · Cited by 63
Mothers and Fathers of Autistic Children: An Exploratory Study of Family Stress and Coping
Liwag, M. E. C. D. (1989) · Cited by 26
The family of the autistic child: A behavioral-systems view
Harris, S. L. (1984) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(84)90001-1 · Cited by 12
Societal labeling and mental illness
Chesno, F. A., & Kilmann, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(197501)3:1 · Cited by 4
Abbeduto (2004) · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- 1989, Philippine Journal of Psychology, 22, 3
- 2004, Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 14
- 1989, American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94, 259
- 1993, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 18, 83
- 1996, Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 17, 77
- 2000, Journal of Social Service Research, 26, 29
- 1983, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 41
- 1993, American Journal on Mental Retardation, 97, 481
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Karst, J. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6 · Cited by 977
Yorke, I., White, P., Weston, A., Rafla, M., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3605-y · Cited by 327
Iadarola, S., Levato, L., Harrison, B., Smith, T., Lecavalier, L., Johnson, C., Swiezy, N., Bearss, K., & Scahill, L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3339-2 · Cited by 170
Isa, S. N. I., Ishak, I., Rahman, A. A., Saat, N. Z. M., Din, N. C., Lubis, S. H., & Ismail, M. F. M. (2016) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.07.007 · Cited by 130
Kiami, S. R., & Goodgold, S. (2017) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2017/8685950 · Cited by 95
“For example, parental self-efficacy, belief in one’s own ability to effectively assume the role of parenting, has been linked to the child’s behavior problems and maternal anxiety and depression [3, 13, 15, 27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rezendes, D. L., & Scarpa, A.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scarpa, Angela
- ORCID
- Scarpa, Angela
- Venue
- Autism Research and Treatment
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2011
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 2090-1925 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-1933
- PMC
- PMC3420762
- OpenAlex
- W2141827715
- Semantic Scholar
- e3a6f1ef6c6003ea7bede8ea47c665339617e31a
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism Research and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, parental anxiety, parental depression, child behavior problems, parental stress, parental self-efficacy, mediation, mothers, maternal mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review