The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Free Radicals and Extrinsic Skin Aging
Open accessAbstract
Human skin is constantly directly exposed to the air, solar radiation, environmental pollutants, or other mechanical and chemical insults, which are capable of inducing the generation of free radicals as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) of our own metabolism. Extrinsic skin damage develops due to several factors: ionizing radiation, severe physical and psychological stress, alcohol intake, poor nutrition, overeating, environmental pollution, and exposure to UV radiation (UVR). It is estimated that among all these environmental factors, UVR contributes up to 80%. UV-induced generation of ROS in the skin develops oxidative stress, when their formation exceeds the antioxidant defence ability of the target cell. The primary mechanism by which UVR initiates molecular responses in human skin is via photochemical generation of ROS mainly formation of superoxide anion (O(2) (-) (∙)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radical (OH(∙)), and singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)). The only protection of our skin is in its endogenous protection (melanin and enzymatic antioxidants) and antioxidants we consume from the food (vitamin A, C, E, etc.). The most important strategy to reduce the risk of sun UVR damage is to avoid the sun exposure and the use of sunscreens. The next step is the use of exogenous antioxidants orally or by topical application and interventions in preventing oxidative stress and in enhanced DNA repair.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The two processes overlap and are closely linked to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in the skin [9].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Free radicals in biology and medicine
Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1991) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(91)90478-o · Cited by 17,178
An introduction to free radical biochemistry
Cheeseman, K. H., & Slater, T. F. (1993) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072625 · Cited by 1,156 · cited 1×
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation Dermatology Research and Practice Volume 2012, Article ID 135206, 4 pages doi:10.1155/2012/135206”
BackgroundInfluentialRedox activation of Fos‐Jun DNA binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme.
Xanthoudakis, S., Miao, G. G., Wang, F., Pan, Y., & Curran, T. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05411.x · Cited by 912
AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1
Hirota, K., Matsui, M., Iwata, S., Nishiyama, A., Mori, K., & Yodoi, J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3633 · Cited by 847
Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm.
Fraga, C., Motchnik, P., Shigenaga, M., Helbock, H., Jacob, R., & Ames, B. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11003 · Cited by 809
Photoaging is Associated with Protein Oxidation in Human Skin In Vivo
Sander, C. S., Chang, H., Salzmann, S., Müller, F. M., Ekanayake‐Mudiyanselage, S., Elsner, P. U., & Thiele, J. J. (2002) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01708.x · Cited by 416
Berneburg, M., Grether‐Beck, S., Kürten, V., Ruzicka, T., Briviba, K., Sies, H., & Krutmann, J. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.22.15345 · Cited by 368
Shindo, Y., Witt, E., & Packer, L. (1993) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12469048 · Cited by 363
Actions of ultraviolet light on cellular structures
Pattison, D. I., & Davies, M. J. (2006) · Experientia Supplementum · doi:10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_6 · Cited by 283 · cited 2×
“The excited photosensitisers can induce cellular damage by two mechanisms: (a) electron transfer and hydrogen abstraction processes to yield free radicals (Type I) or (b) energy transfer with O2 to yield the reactive excited state, singlet oxygen (Type II) [7].”
BackgroundKatiyar, S. K., & Mukhtar, H. (2001) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.69.5.719 · Cited by 234
Thiele, J. J., Traber, M. G., & Packer, L. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00169.x · Cited by 180
Mitochondrial DNA Deletions in Human Skin Reflect Photo- Rather Than Chronologic Aging
Birch‐Machin, M. A., Tindall, M., Turner, R., Haldane, F., & Rees, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00099.x · Cited by 141
Weber, S. U., Thiele, J. J., Packer, L., & Cross, C. E. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00789.x · Cited by 125
Effect of topical antioxidants on UV-induced erythema formation when administered after exposure
Dreher, F., Denig, N., Gabard, B., Schwindt, D. A., & Maibach, H. I. (1999) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000018064 · Cited by 91
Wang, X., Liang, J., Koike, T., Sun, H., Ichikawa, T., Kitajima, S., Morimoto, M., Shikama, H., Watanabe, T., Sasaguri, Y., et al. (2004) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63395-0 · Cited by 90
Observation and Quantification of Ultraviolet-induced Reactive Oxygen Species in Ex Vivo Human Skin¶
Hanson, K. M., & Clegg, R. M. (2002) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760057oaqoui2.0.co2 · Cited by 90 · cited 1×
“The primary mechanism by which UVR initiates molecular responses in human skin is via photochemical generation of ROS mainly formation of superoxide anion (O2 −•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH •), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2) [6].”
BackgroundExpression of Nox4 in osteoclasts
Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Ries, W. L., & Key, L. (2004) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.20048 · Cited by 80
DNA Damage and Base Excision Repair in Mitochondria and Their Role in Aging
Gredilla, R. (2010) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/257093 · Cited by 76
Idebenone, green tea, and Coffeeberry® extract: new and innovative antioxidants
Farris, P. K. (2007) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00146.x · Cited by 73
Shindo, Y., Witt, E. H., Han, D., Tzeng, B., Aziz, T., Nguyen, L. T. H., & Packer, L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 68
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0057:OAQOUI>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
- 2006, EXS., 131
- 1994, Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 10, 183
- 2006, Permeability and antioxidant barriers in aged skin
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin
Rinnerthaler, M., Bischof, J., Streubel, M., Trost, A., & Richter, K. (2015) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom5020545 · Cited by 1,053
“but their concentration increases steeply towards deeper cell-layers of the stratum corneum [105,114].”
BackgroundReactive oxygen species (ROS) and cancer: Role of antioxidative nutraceuticals
Prasad, S., Gupta, S. C., & Tyagi, A. K. (2016) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.042 · Cited by 981
Ultraviolet light induced generation of reactive oxygen species
de Jager, T. L., Cockrell, A. E., & Du Plessis, S. S. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_2 · Cited by 523
Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process
Michalak, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020585 · Cited by 460
Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging
Papaccio, F., D’Arino, A., Caputo, S., & Bellei, B. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11061121 · Cited by 452
Metadata
- Authors
- Poljšak, B., & Dahmane, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Corresponding author
- Dahmane, Raja
- Venue
- Dermatology Research and Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 1687-6105 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-6113
- PMC
- PMC3299230
- OpenAlex
- W2037404352
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 18.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Dermatology Research and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- extrinsic skin aging, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, antioxidants, sunscreen, DNA repair, melanin, environmental pollutants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
