Vitamin C, uric acid, and glutathione gradients in murine stratum corneum and their susceptibility to ozone exposure.
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The stratum corneum has been recognized as the main cutaneous oxidation target of atmospheric ozone (O3), a major part of photochemical smog. This study reports the presence and distribution of vitamin C, glutathione, and uric acid in murine stratum corneum, and evaluates their susceptibility to acute environmental exposure to O3. Based on tape stripping and a modified extraction method with high performance liquid chromatography electrochemical analysis, we detected vitamin C (208.0 +/- 82.5 pmol per 10 consecutive pooled tapes), glutathione (283.7 +/-96.3), and uric acid (286.4 +/-47.1) in murine stratum corneum as compared with only 16.5 +/- 1.4 pmol alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin C, glutathione (both p < 00.001), and urate (p < 0.01) were found to exhibit a gradient with the lowest concentrations in the outer layers and a steep increase in the deeper layers. To investigate the effect of O3 exposure on hydrophilic antioxidants, we exposed SKH-1 hairless mice to O3 concentrations of 0, 0.8, 1, and 10 p.p.m., and stratum corneum was analyzed before and after exposure. Whereas mock exposure with 0 p.p. m. for 2 h had no significant effect, O3 doses of 1 p.p.m. for 2 h and above showed depletion of all three antioxidants. Vitamin C was decreased to 80% +/- 15% of its pretreatment content (p < 0.05), GSH to 41% +/- 24% (p < 0.01), and uric acid to 44% +/- 28% (p < 0.01). This report demonstrates the previously unrecognized role of hydrophilic antioxidants in the stratum corneum and provides further evidence that O3 induces oxidative stress in this outer skin layer.
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The lowest vitamin C concentration was present at the outer surface of the epidermis of the SKH-1 hairless mouse, with a sharp increase in concentration in the deeper layers of the stratum corneum.
“The lowest vitamin C concentration was present at the outer surface of the epidermis of the SKH-1 hairless mouse, a model of human skin, with a sharp increase in concentration in the deeper layers of the stratum corneum, possibly reflecting depletion in the outer cells due to chronic exposure to the environment [36].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental animal studies have shown that exposure to ozone results in signs of oxidative stress including significant depletion of cutaneous antioxidants.
“Experimental animal studies have shown that exposure to ozone results in signs of oxidative stress including significant depletion of cutaneous antioxidants [34,35].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Weber, S. U., Thiele, J. J., Packer, L., & Cross, C. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weber, Stefan Udo
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1128-1132
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077831457
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- stratum corneum, vitamin C, glutathione, uric acid, ozone exposure, oxidative stress, antioxidants, photochemical smog, SKH-1 mice, hydrophilic antioxidants
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Epidermis, Female, Glutathione, Mice, Hairless, Ozone, Uric Acid, Mice
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