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Free Radicals and Extrinsic Skin Aging
Open accessAbstract
Human skin is constantly directly exposed to the air, solar radiation, environmental pollutants, or other mechanical and chemical insults, which are capable of inducing the generation of free radicals as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) of our own metabolism. Extrinsic skin damage develops due to several factors: ionizing radiation, severe physical and psychological stress, alcohol intake, poor nutrition, overeating, environmental pollution, and exposure to UV radiation (UVR). It is estimated that among all these environmental factors, UVR contributes up to 80%. UV-induced generation of ROS in the skin develops oxidative stress, when their formation exceeds the antioxidant defence ability of the target cell. The primary mechanism by which UVR initiates molecular responses in human skin is via photochemical generation of ROS mainly formation of superoxide anion (O(2) (-) (∙)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radical (OH(∙)), and singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)). The only protection of our skin is in its endogenous protection (melanin and enzymatic antioxidants) and antioxidants we consume from the food (vitamin A, C, E, etc.). The most important strategy to reduce the risk of sun UVR damage is to avoid the sun exposure and the use of sunscreens. The next step is the use of exogenous antioxidants orally or by topical application and interventions in preventing oxidative stress and in enhanced DNA repair.
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“The two processes overlap and are closely linked to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in the skin [9].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Extract Effects on Inflammaging
Cordiano, R., Gammeri, L., Salvo, E. D., Gangemi, S., & Minciullo, P. L. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29174174 · Cited by 38
“Another mechanism through which inflammaging can be triggered is the massive presence of free radicals, particularly ROS, which play a key role in damaging biological molecules such as lipids, DNA, and proteins [110].”
BackgroundAmić, A., Marković, J. M. D., Marković, Z., Milenković, D., Milanović, Ž., Antonijević, M. R., Cagardová, D., & Rodrı́guez-Guerra, J. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081303 · Cited by 33
Lyu, J.-L., Liu, Y.-J., Wen, K., Chiu, C., Lin, Y.-H., & Chiang, H. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27072332 · Cited by 34
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Clinical effects of an oral supplement rich in antioxidants on skin radiance in women
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“Exposure of human or mouse skin to UVB radiation results in excessive generation of ROS that overwhelms the antioxidant defense system, resulting in oxidative stress [4].”
BackgroundLncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in skin aging and therapeutic potentials
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Antioxidant Bioactivity of Extracts from Beach Cast Leaves of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile
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Natural protection against oxidative stress in human skin melanocytes
Mucha, M., Skrzydlewska, E., & Gęgotek, A. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08725-1 · Cited by 42
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“These proteins are essential for skin and work together to create skin firmness and help to hold the skin shape and strength [29, 30].”
BackgroundDing, C., Peng, X., Yang, J., Chen, K., Liu, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, S., Sun, S., Zhang, J., Ding, Q., et al. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115177 · Cited by 29
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Wild Mushrooms in Nepal: Some Potential Candidates as Antioxidant and ACE‐Inhibition Sources
Bang, T. H., Suhara, H., Doi, K., Ishikawa, H., Fukami, K., Parajuli, G. P., Katakura, Y., Yamashita, S., Watanabe, K., Adhikari, M. K., et al. (2014) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2014/195305 · Cited by 27
Dermatological Manifestations of Stress in Normal and Psychiatric Populations
Rodriguez-Vallecillo, E., & Woodbury-Fariña, M. A. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.08.009 · Cited by 29
“It is estimated that a human cell sustains an average of 10,000 oxidative hits per day as a result of cellular oxidative metabolism.(1,9,10) Taking into account the large amount of damage the skin receives each day, especially via UVR, it is surprising that the incidence of skin cancer is not higher.”
BackgroundChen, D., Ai, X., Li, Y., Ao, Y., Ao, Y., Rong, J., & Li, G. (2023) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152030 · Cited by 26
Kowalczyk, T., Merecz-Sadowska, A., Ghorbanpour, M., Szemraj, J., Piekarski, J. H., Bijak, M., Śliwiński, T., Zajdel, R., & Sitarek, P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015279 · Cited by 30
“The impact of reactive species on the skin can be significant, leading to various skin problems [24,27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Poljšak, B., & Dahmane, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Corresponding author
- Dahmane, Raja
- Venue
- Dermatology Research and Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 1687-6105 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-6113
- PMC
- PMC3299230
- OpenAlex
- W2037404352
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 18.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Dermatology Research and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- extrinsic skin aging, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, antioxidants, sunscreen, DNA repair, melanin, environmental pollutants
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