The Link between Thyroid Function and Depression
Open accessAbstract
The relation between thyroid function and depression has long been recognized. Patients with thyroid disorders are more prone to develop depressive symptoms and conversely depression may be accompanied by various subtle thyroid abnormalities. Traditionally, the most commonly documented abnormalities are elevated T4 levels, low T3, elevated rT3, a blunted TSH response to TRH, positive antithyroid antibodies, and elevated CSF TRH concentrations. In addition, thyroid hormone supplements appear to accelerate and enhance the clinical response to antidepressant drugs. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between thyroid function and depression remain to be further clarified. Recently, advances in biochemical, genetic, and neuroimaging fields have provided new insights into the thyroid-depression relationship.
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Neuropsychiatric effects such as anxiety, irritability, insomnia and cognitive disturbances result from thyroid hormones' impact on neurotransmitter pathways.
“Neuropsychiatric effects such as anxiety, irritability, insomnia and cognitive disturbances result from thyroid hormones' impact on neurotransmitter pathways.”
From Risk of cardiac, neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal adverse events with levothyroxine: Systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Section 4 identifies anxiety, irritability and impaired concentration as neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disorders, and also describes cognitive dysfunction in hypothyroidism. Section 10 suggests that T3 affects noradrenergic neurotransmission, but does not establish that this pathway causes the listed symptoms. The cited passages do not identify insomnia as a manifestation of thyroid disorders. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Hage, M. P., & Azar, S. T.
- Affiliations
- American University of Beirut Medical Center (LB)
- Corresponding author
- Azar, Sami T.
- Venue
- Journal of Thyroid Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 2042-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-8067
- PMC
- PMC3246784
- OpenAlex
- W2012109041
- Cited by
- 549
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Thyroid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- thyroid function, depression, thyroid dysfunction, thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T3, reverse T3, TSH response, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid hormone replacement, antidepressant response, neuroimaging, genetic mechanisms
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