Recent Developments in Sweat Analysis and Its Applications

Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function

Sato, K., Kang, W. H., Saga, K., & Sato, K. T. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70063-3 · Cited by 717

Correlation Between Sweat Glucose and Blood Glucose in Subjects with Diabetes

Moyer, J., Wilson, D., Finkelshtein, I., Wong, B., & Potts, R. (2012) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0262 · Cited by 570

Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin

Gallagher, M., Wysocki, C. J., Leyden, J. J., Spielman, A. I., Sun, X., & Preti, G. (2008) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08748.x · Cited by 438

Smartphone based health accessory for colorimetric detection of biomarkers in sweat and saliva

Oncescu, V., O’Dell, D., & Erickson, D. (2013) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c3lc50431j · Cited by 362

A short history of sweat gland biology

Wilke, K., Martin, A. E., Terstegen, L., & Biel, S. S. (2007) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x · Cited by 333

Derivatization procedures for gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of xenobiotics in biological samples, with special attention to drugs of abuse and doping agents

Segura, J., Ventura, R., & Jurado, C. (1998) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00089-9 · Cited by 251

Sweat: A sample with limited present applications and promising future in metabolomics

Mena-Bravo, A., & de Castro, M. D. L. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.048 · Cited by 237

The role of alternative specimens in toxicological analysis

Gallardo, E., & Queiroz, J. A. (2008) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.1009 · Cited by 207

Alternative Specimens for Workplace Drug Testing*

Caplan, Y. H., & Goldberger, B. A. (2001) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/25.5.396 · Cited by 203

Attractiveness of women's body odors over the menstrual cycle: the role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex

Kuukasjarvi, S. (2004) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arh050 · Cited by 165

Biological Matrices for the Evaluation of In Utero Exposure to Drugs of Abuse

Lozano, J., García‐Algar, Ó., Vall, O., de la Torre, R., Scaravelli, G., & Pichini, S. (2007) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e31815c14ce · Cited by 158

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Amfetamine and Related Substances

de la Torre, R., Farr, M., Navarro, M., Pacifici, R., Zuccaro, P., & Pichini, S. (2004) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-200443030-00002 · Cited by 154

Proteomic Analysis of Eccrine Sweat: Implications for the Discovery of Schizophrenia Biomarker Proteins

Raiszadeh, M. M., Ross, M. M., Russo, P. S., Schaepper, M. A., Zhou, W., Deng, J., Ng, D., Dickson, A., Dickson, C., Strom, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr2007957 · Cited by 142

Sweat testing for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: Practical considerations

LeGrys, V. A. (1996) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70034-3 · Cited by 141

On-site testing of saliva and sweat with Drugwipe and determination of concentrations of drugs of abuse in saliva, plasma and urine of suspected users

Samyn, N., & van Haeren, C. (2000) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s004140050287 · Cited by 132

A neural survival factor is a candidate oncogene in breast cancer

PORTER, D. A., Weremowicz, S., Chin, K., Seth, P., Keshaviah, A. P., Lahti‐Domenici, J., Bae, Y. K., Monitto, C. L., Merlos-Suarez, A., Chan, J. A.-W., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1932980100 · Cited by 130

Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic Elements

Genuis, S. J., Birkholz, D., Rodushkin, I., & Beesoon, S. (2011) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-010-9611-5 · Cited by 128 · cited 1×

Sweat testing for cocaine, codeine and metabolites by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Huestis, M. A., Oyler, J. M., Cone, E. J., Wstadik, A. T., Schoendorfer, D., & Joseph, R. E. (1999) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00246-7 · Cited by 125

Prolactin inducible protein in cancer, fertility and immunoregulation: structure, function and its clinical implications

Hassan, M. I., Waheed, A., Yadav, S., Singh, T. P., & Ahmad, F. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8463-x · Cited by 122

Drug Monitoring in Nonconventional Biological Fluids and Matrices

Pichini, S., Altieri, I., Zuccaro, P., & Pacifici, R. (1996) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-199630030-00003 · Cited by 120

Sweat Testing in Opioid Users with a Sweat Patch

Kintz, P., Tracqui, A., Mangin, P., & Edel, Y. (1996) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/20.6.393 · Cited by 119

The Use of Oral Fluid and Sweat Wipes for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Drivers

Samyn, N., Boeck, G. D., & Verstraete, A. (2002) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs15579j · Cited by 114

Individual discrimination of humans by odor

WALLACE, P. M. (1977) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(77)90238-4 · Cited by 114

Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signature of sweat and its potential application to forensic body fluid identification

Sikirzhytski, V., Sikirzhytskaya, A., & Lednev, I. K. (2012) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.059 · Cited by 106

Analyzing and Mapping Sweat Metabolomics by High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy

Kutyshenko, V. P., Molchanov, M. V., Beskaravayny, P., Uversky, V. N., & Timchenko, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028824 · Cited by 98

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry of Nickel, Copper, Zinc, and Lead in Sweat Collected from Healthy Subjects during Sauna Bathing

Hohnadel, D. C., Sunderman, F. W., Nechay, M. W., & McNeely, M. (1973) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/19.11.1288 · Cited by 96

Monitoring Opiate Use in Substance Abuse Treatment Patients With Sweat and Urine Drug Testing

Huestis, M. A., Cone, E. J., Wong, C. J., Umbricht, A., & Preston, K. L. (2000) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/24.7.509 · Cited by 94

Detection of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Activity in Early-Phase Clinical Trials

Rowe, S. M., Accurso, F. J., & Clancy, J. P. (2007) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200703-043br · Cited by 87

A simple new non‐invasive sweat indicator test for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy

Παπάνας, Ν., Boulton, A. J. M., Malik, R. A., Manes, C., Schnell, O., Spallone, V., Tentolouris, N., Tesfaye, S. H., Valensi, P. E., Ziegler, D., et al. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12000 · Cited by 84

Sweat‐testing: A review of current technical requirements

Beauchamp, M. K., & Lands, L. C. (2005) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.20226 · Cited by 84

Body odour of monozygotic human twins: a common pattern of odorant carboxylic acids released by a bacterial aminoacylase from axilla secretions contributing to an inherited body odour type

Kuhn, F., & Natsch, A. (2008) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0223 · Cited by 80

THE EXCRETION OF TRACE METALS IN HUMAN SWEAT

COHN, J. R., & EMMETT, E. A. (1979) · Toxicology and Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-00288-4.50036-0 · Cited by 78

Systems biology approaches to evaluate arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity: An overview

Bhattacharjee, P., Chatterjee, D., Singh, K. K., & Giri, A. K. (2013) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.008 · Cited by 77

Quantitative Profiling of Polar Cationic Metabolites in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid by Reversed-Phase Nanoliquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Myint, K. T., Aoshima, K., Tanaka, S., Nakamura, T., & Oda, Y. (2009) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac802259r · Cited by 71

The use of sweat to monitor lead absorption through the skin

Lilley, S. G., Florence, T. M., & Stauber, J. L. (1988) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/0048-9697(88)90112-x · Cited by 70

Development and validation of a solid-phase extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of methadone, heroin, cocaine and metabolites in sweat

Brunet, B., Barnes, A. J., Scheidweiler, K. B., Mura, P., & Huestis, M. A. (2008) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-008-2228-0 · Cited by 70

Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of MDMA after a Single-Dose Administration*

Pichini, S., Navarro, M. D. S., Pacifici, R., Zuccaro, P., Ortuño, J., Farré, M., Roset, P. N., Segura, J., & de la Torre, R. (2003) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/27.5.294 · Cited by 66

Susceptibility of PharmChek™ drugs of abuse patch to environmental contamination

Kidwell, D. A., & Smith, F. P. (2001) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00353-4 · Cited by 65

Chromatographic procedures for determination of cannabinoids in biological samples, with special attention to blood and alternative matrices like hair, saliva, sweat and meconium

Staub, C. (1999) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00249-2 · Cited by 65

Excretion of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in sweat

Huestis, M. A., Scheidweiler, K. B., Saito, T., Fortner, N. A., Abraham, T. T., Gustafson, R. A., & Smith, M. L. (2007) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.002 · Cited by 58

Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy subjects1

Omokhodion, F. O., & Crockford, G. W. (1991) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90137-4 · Cited by 57

A comparative study of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in human sweat and blood

Stauber, J. L., & Florence, T. M. (1988) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/0048-9697(88)90140-4 · Cited by 55

Bioanalytical procedures and recent developments in the determination of opiates/opioids in human biological samples

Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., Vieira, D. N., Queiroz, J. A., & López‐Rivadulla, M. (2011) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-011-4888-4 · Cited by 49

Determination of the volume of sweat accumulated in a sweat-patch using sodium and potassium as internal reference

Appenzeller, B. M. R., Schummer, C., Rodrigues, S. B., & Wennig, R. (2007) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.037 · Cited by 48

Opioid Disposition in Human Sweat after Controlled Oral Codeine Administration

Schwilke, E. W., Barnes, A. J., Kacinko, S. L., Cone, E. J., Moolchan, E. T., & Huestis, M. A. (2006) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.067983 · Cited by 48

LC‐MS: a powerful tool in workplace drug testing

Gallardo, E., Barroso, M., & Queiroz, J. A. (2009) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.26 · Cited by 44

Cocaine Levels in Sweat Collection Patches Vary by Location of Patch Placement and Decline Over Time*

Uemura, N., Nath, R. P., Harkey, M. R., Henderson, G. L., Mendelson, J. E., & Jones, R. T. (2004) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/28.4.253 · Cited by 43

Determination of Fentanyl in Sweat and Hair of a Patient using Transdermal Patches

Schneider, S., Ait-m-bark, Z., Schummer, C., Lemmer, P., Yegles, M., Appenzeller, B. M. R., & Wennig, R. (2008) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/32.3.260 · Cited by 41

Trace elements in the sweat of acclimatized persons

Omokhodion, F. O., & Howard, J. M. (1994) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(94)90250-x · Cited by 40

Monitoring Pregnant Women's Illicit Opiate and Cocaine Use With Sweat Testing

Brunet, B., Barnes, A. J., Choo, R. E., Mura, P., Jones, H. E., & Huestis, M. A. (2010) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181c13aaf · Cited by 38

Cytosolic potassium controls CFTR deactivation in human sweat duct

Reddy, M. M., & Quinton, P. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00134.2005 · Cited by 32

Protocolo de diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes con fibrosis quística

de Agüero, M. I. B. G., Hernández, G. G., & Gärtner, S. (2009) · Anales de Pediatría · doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2009.06.020 · Cited by 31

Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of Cannabis Smoke

de la Torre, R., & Pichini, S. (2004) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.040758 · Cited by 30

Sweat testing in addicts under methadone treatment: An Italian experience

Fucci, N., Giovanni, N. D., & Scarlata, S. (2007) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.010 · Cited by 28

Methadone in Hair and Sweat From Patients in Long-Term Maintenance Therapy

Fucci, N., & Giovanni, N. D. (2007) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e31811f1bbe · Cited by 28

Evaluation of the Megaduct sweat collector for mineral analysis

Ely, M. R., Ely, B. R., Chinevere, T. D., Lacher, C. P., Lukaski, H. C., & Cheuvront, S. N. (2012) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/33/3/385 · Cited by 26

The determination of trace metals in sweat by anodic stripping voltammetry

Stauber, J. L., & Florence, T. M. (1987) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/0048-9697(87)90420-7 · Cited by 25

Mercury exposure evaluations and their correlation with urine mercury excretions. 4. Elimination of mercury by sweating.

Hb, L., Zg, B., & Tr, V. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 20

Sweat lead levels in persons with high blood lead levels: lead in sweat of lead workers in the tropics

Omokhodion, F. O., & Howard, J. (1991) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90138-5 · Cited by 19

Clinical response to therapeutic agents in poisoning from mercury vapor.

Sunderman, F. W. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 19

Mercury exposure evaluations and their correlation with urine mercury excretions.

Zg, B., Mw, W., & Kuryla, L. A. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 19

Secretion of arsenic, cholesterol, vitamin E, and zinc from the site of arsenical melanosis and leucomelanosis in skin

Yousuf, A. K. M., Misbahuddin, M., & Rahman, M. S. (2011) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.3109/15563650.2011.577747 · Cited by 12

Sweat lead levels in persons with high blood lead levels: experimental elevation of blood lead by ingestion of lead chloride

Omokhodion, F. O., & Crockford, G. W. (1991) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90360-q · Cited by 7

The Direct Determination of Mercury in Sweat

Robinson, J. W., & Skelly, E. M. (1983) · Spectroscopy Letters · doi:10.1080/00387018308062329 · Cited by 5

[The use of the sauna for disease prevention in the workers of enterprises with chemical and physical occupational hazards].

Parpaleĭ, I. A., Prokof'eva, L. G., & Obertas, V. G. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 5

The direct determination of cadmium in hair using carbon bed atomic absorption spectroscopy. Daily rate of loss of cadmium in hair, urine and sweat

Robinson, J. W., & Weiss, S. (1980) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Environmental Science and Engineering · doi:10.1080/10934528009374956 · Cited by 4

Analysis of Cancer Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath and Comparison with Sensory Indications by Dogs

Buszewski, B., Ligor, T., Rudnicka, J., Jezierski, T. A., Walczak, M., & Wenda-Piesik, A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-462613-4.00010-6 · Cited by 4

A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat

Koh, A., Kang, D., Xue, Y., Lee, S., Pielak, R. M., Kim, J., Hwang, T., Min, S., Banks, A., Bastien, P., et al. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2593 · Cited by 1,308

Wearable and flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat analysis: a review

Gao, F., Liu, C., Zhang, L., Liu, T., Wang, Z., Song, Z., Cai, H., Fang, Z., Chen, J., Wang, J., et al. (2022) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-022-00443-6 · Cited by 854

Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine

Min, J., Tu, J., Xu, C., Lukas, H., Shin, S., Yang, Y., Solomon, S. A., Mukasa, D., & Gao, W. F. (2023) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823 · Cited by 752

Recent Progress in Electrochemical pH-Sensing Materials and Configurations for Biomedical Applications

Ghoneim, M. T., Nguyen, A. N., Dereje, N., Huang, J., Moore, G. C., Murzynowski, P. J., & Dağdeviren, C. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00655 · Cited by 326

Non-invasive textile based colorimetric sensor for the simultaneous detection of sweat pH and lactate

Promphet, N., Rattanawaleedirojn, P., Siralertmukul, K., Soatthiyanon, N., Potiyaraj, P., Thanawattano, C., Hinestroza, J. P., & Rodthongkum, N. (2018) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.086 · Cited by 254

Sweat as A Clinical Sample: What is Done and What Should Be Done

de Castro, M. D. L. (2015) · Bioanalysis · doi:10.4155/bio.15.229 · Cited by 20

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Sweat as a Biomarker

Jeyadaisy, I., Paarkavidevi, C., Sathish Kumar, B., & Ammu, G. (2024) · Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International) · doi:10.9734/bpi/cpstr/v6/7275e

Sweat as a source of non-invasive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis: An overview

Zhang, Z., Li, Z., Wei, K., Cao, Z. C., Zhu, Z., & Chen, R. (2024) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125865 · Cited by 61

Sweat as a diagnostic biofluid: analytical advances and future directions

Bordin, D. M., McCauley, J. I., de Campos, E. G., Bishop, D., & Martinis, B. S. D. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2025.101473 · Cited by 9

Forensic Analysis of Sweat

Yadav, P. K., & Sharma, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65804-4_7