Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic Elements
Abstract
There is limited understanding of the toxicokinetics of bioaccumulated toxic elements and their methods of excretion from the human body. This study was designed to assess the concentration of various toxic elements in three body fluids: blood, urine and sweat. Blood, urine, and sweat were collected from 20 individuals (10 healthy participants and 10 participants with various health problems) and analyzed for approximately 120 various compounds, including toxic elements. Toxic elements were found to differing degrees in each of blood, urine, and sweat. Serum levels for most metals and metalloids were comparable with those found in other studies in the scientific literature. Many toxic elements appeared to be preferentially excreted through sweat. Presumably stored in tissues, some toxic elements readily identified in the perspiration of some participants were not found in their serum. Induced sweating appears to be a potential method for elimination of many toxic elements from the human body. Biomonitoring for toxic elements through blood and/or urine testing may underestimate the total body burden of such toxicants. Sweat analysis should be considered as an additional method for monitoring bioaccumulation of toxic elements in humans.
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In healthcare settings, PFAS-coated devices such as catheters, guidewires, and implantable materials may represent a significant but under-recognized route of exposure, particularly among neonates, children, and critically ill patients.
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From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
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BackgroundHigh-spatial-resolution x-ray fluorescence tomography with spectrally matched nanoparticles
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Genuis, S. J., Beesoon, S., & Birkholz, D. (2013) · ISRN Toxicology · doi:10.1155/2013/483832 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Various studies now confirm that depuration through induced perspiration may be an effective way to facilitate human clearance of many persistent pollutants from within the body [15, 17, 22].”
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Genuis, S. K., Birkholz, D., & Genuis, S. J. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/3676089 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Hydrophilic substances, such as cadmium and lead, for example, are found to have higher concentration in perspiration when compared to blood [27].”
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“Yet some studies failed to detect antimony in any sample or detected it only in very few ones (e.g., Genuis et al., 2011; Heitland and Köster, 2006).”
MethodResultInfluentialPreconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services
Genuis, S. J., & Genuis, R. A. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/6150976 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“If individuals are found to have accrued a considerable dose of toxicants on testing, medical intervention is provided to address and substantially eliminate the burden of toxicants prior to pregnancy [206, 207, 209, 210, 319, 320] in order to preclude exposure to the fetus.”
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“However, sweat remains an effective means of evaluating heavy metal concentrations because some heavy metals were detected in higher concentrations in sweat than in blood and urine; for instance, Ni, Pb, and Cr in sweat have been reported to be 10 to 30 times than that in blood and urine [8].”
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“In this study, the detection results of trace heavy metals in human urine and sweat are similar to those from previous studies [3] [19].”
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“ecent data have suggested that perspiration might be a significant oute of excretion of systemic aluminium [2,3].”
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“Thus, induced micturition and sweating appears to be a potential method for elimination ofmany toxic elements from the human body (Genuis et al. 2011b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialClinical Detoxification: Elimination of Persistent Toxicants from the Human Body
Genuis, S. J., Sears, M., Schwalfenberg, G., Hope, J. H., & Bernhoft, R. A. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/238347 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Sensor with Evaporated Bismuth Film Electrode for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Zinc
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BackgroundEffect of exposure to high temperatures in the excretion of cadmium and lead
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“an important role in removing heavy metals accumulated in the body (Genuis et al. 2011).”
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“Specifically, the kidneys tend to reabsorb cadmium, which results in reduced excretion rates (Genuis et al. 2011; Obasi and Akudinobi 2020).”
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“The kidneys function for the disposal of metabolic waste products by the body such as urea and creatinine (Renda, 2017), and elimination of toxic substances (Genuis et al., 2011).”
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- Authors
- Genuis, S. J., Birkholz, D., Rodushkin, I., & Beesoon, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Luleå University of Technology (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Genuis, Stephen J.
- Venue
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
- Published
- 2010-11-06
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 344-357
- ISSN
- 0090-4341 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0703
- OpenAlex
- W2144786108
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- toxic elements, bioaccumulation, toxicokinetics, sweat analysis, urine, blood, biomonitoring, metalloids, excretion pathways, body burden, heavy metals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Chemical Analysis, Body Fluids, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Metals, Middle Aged, Sweat, Young Adult
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