Formulation, in vitro evaluation, and toxicity studies of A. vulgaris-co-AAm carrier for vildagliptin
Open accessAbstract
This study investigated the use of Artemisia vulgaris L. seed mucilage as a new excipient for sustained delivery of Vildagliptin. Copolymeric carrier of A. vulgaris seed mucilage-co-AAm was devised by using acrylamide (AAm) as a monomer, methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator through free radical polymerization. Different formulations of A. vulgaris-co-AAm were devised by varying contents of polymer, monomer, crosslinking agent, initiator, and reaction temperature. Copolymeric structures were characterized through XRD analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, TGA and DSC analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Porosity, gel fraction, and Vildagliptin loading capacity of copolymers were also established. Swelling and in vitro drug release studies were conducted. XRD evaluation showed the alteration of the crystalline structure of Vildagliptin into an amorphous form. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful grafting of AAm to A. vulgaris seed mucilage backbone. Porosity was increased with increasing polymer concentration and reaction temperature while it was decreased with an increasing amount of AAm, MBA, and KPS. Gel content was decreased with increasing polymer concentration and reaction temperature while it was increased with an increasing amount of AAm, MBA, and KPS. Acute oral toxicity of copolymeric network was done in animal models to evaluate the safety. Copolymers showed the same swelling behavior at all pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8, and 7.4. Vildagliptin release from copolymer showed a cumulative trend by increasing polymer content and reaction temperature, while a declining trend was observed with increasing contents of monomer, crosslinking agent, and initiator. Sustained release of Vildagliptin was observed from copolymers and release followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. From the acute oral toxicity studies, it is evident that newly synthesized copolymeric carriers are potentially safe for eyes, skin, and vital organs.
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The hydrogel structure had many interconnected channels with a mixture of rough and smooth inner walls.
“The structure had many interconnected channels having a mixture of rough and smooth inner walls (Kausar et al., 2021).”
From A novel pH-responsive hydrogel system based on Prunus armeniaca gum and acrylic acid: Preparation and evaluation as a potential candidate for controlled drug delivery. (2023) · cites this paper as Kausar et al., 2021
Section 3.7 (Scanning Electron Microscopy; page unavailable) reports porous interconnected channels in the prepared hydrogel. It does not describe the channels as numerous or their inner walls as a mixture of rough and smooth. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFTIR results of the THC-loaded formulation showed that drug peaks overlapped with a minor band shift, confirming loading of THC into the hydrogel network.
“FTIR results of THC-loaded formulation showed that drug peaks overlapped with a minor band shift confirming the loading to the hydrogel network (Kausar et al., 2021).”
From A novel pH-responsive hydrogel system based on Prunus armeniaca gum and acrylic acid: Preparation and evaluation as a potential candidate for controlled drug delivery. (2023) · cites this paper as Kausar et al., 2021
Section 3.5 reports overlapping drug peaks with a slight band shift in a loaded hydrogel, but the drug was vildagliptin, not THC. The paper interprets that FTIR result as indicating no drug–polymer interaction, rather than as confirmation of THC loading. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“FTIR results of THC-loaded formulation showed that drug peaks overlapped with a minor band shift confirming the loading to the hydrogel network (Kausar et al., 2021).”
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Singh, M., Prashar, V., Nandal, M., Kumar, D., & Gupta, R. K. (2026) · Journal of Macromolecular Science Part B · doi:10.1080/00222348.2026.2686685
- Authors
- Kausar, S., Erum, A., Tulain, U. R., Hussain, M. A., Farid-ul-Haq, M., Malik, N. S., & Rashid, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Sargodha (PK)
- Capital University of Science and Technology (PK)
- The Women University Multan (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Tulain, Ume Ruqia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Advances in Polymer Technology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-07-22
- Volume
- 2021
- Pages
- 1-17
- ISSN
- 0730-6679 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2329
- OpenAlex
- W3184009201
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 0.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Advances in Polymer Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Sargodha
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Keywords
- vildagliptin, sustained drug release, acrylamide copolymers, radical polymerization, graft copolymerization, amorphous drug, swelling behavior, in vitro drug release, Korsmeyer-Peppas model, acute oral toxicity, gel content, porosity
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