CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 159Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNuclear Receptors and SignalingDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Risk Factors for Parkinson’s Disease: The Leisure World Cohort Study

Paganini-Hill, Annlia·2001·Neuroepidemiology
DOI 10.1159/000054770
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We conducted a case-control study nested within a prospective cohort study of 13,979 residents of Leisure World Laguna Hills, a retirement community in southern California, for etiologic clues for Parkinson's disease (PD). Between 1981 (when first mailed a health survey) and 1998, we identified 395 PD cases from death certificates, hospital discharge diagnoses and a 1992 follow-up questionnaire. Six controls were individually matched on sex, birth date (+/-2 years), vital status and, if dead, death date (+/-1 year) to each case. Baseline characteristics of the 395 cases and 2,320 controls were analyzed as potential PD risk factors. The risk of PD was significantly reduced among smokers, hypertensives, coffee drinkers and alcohol consumers, and significantly increased among those with 3 or more children and with a high intake of total vitamin A and dietary vitamin C. The multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.42 (0.22-0.80) for current cigarette smokers of 1+ pack/day, 0.62 (0.48-0.80) for current users of hypertensive medication, 0.71 (0.52-0.95) for coffee drinkers of 2+ cups/day and 0.77 (0.58-1.03) for drinkers of 2+ alcoholic drinks/day. Risk increased with increasing number of children (1.25 for 1, 1.34 for 2 and 1.90 for 3+ children; p for trend = 0.0003). The increased risks among individuals in the highest third of total vitamin A intake and of dietary vitamin C intake were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for the other variables. These findings suggest several environmental factors that may be related to the development of PD and support a multifactorial etiology.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1159/000054770

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 159

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Paganini-Hill, A.
Venue
Neuroepidemiology
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2001
Volume
20
Issue
2
Pages
118-124
ISSN
  • 0251-5350 (ISSN-L)
  • 1423-0208
DOI
10.1159/000054770
OpenAlex
W2025540146
Cited by
159
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
FWCI
4.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Neuroepidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (R01CA032197, CA32197)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, risk factors, smoking, hypertension, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption, number of children, vitamin A intake, vitamin C intake, multifactorial etiology, environmental risk factors, retirement community residents
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcoholism, Ascorbic Acid, Caffeine, California, Catchment Area, Health, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking, Vitamin A, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review