Elimination of Electrically Induced Iontophoretic Artefacts: Implications for Non-Invasive Assessment of Peripheral Microvascular Function
Abstract
Iontophoretic assessment of skin microvascular function is complicated by the occurrence of electrically induced hyperaemia, especially at the cathode. Studies were performed to identify means of reducing such effects. Skin vasodilator responses were measured using a laser Doppler imager that controlled iontophoretic current delivery. A novel feature involved monitoring voltage across the iontophoresis chambers. Comparison between responses to vehicle (distilled H 2 O), acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) showed electrically induced hyperaemia at the cathode associated with the vehicle, whose time course overlapped with that of the SNP response. Voltage across the chambers containing drugs dissolved in H 2 O was significantly (p = 0.018, n = 7) lower than the voltage profile of H 2 O alone. H 2 O iontophoresis was associated with cathodal hyperaemic responses in most subjects, whereas a 0.5% NaCl vehicle produced lower voltages and eliminated this artefact. Voltage·time integral rather than charge was the prime determinant of electrically induced hyperaemic responses. No significant correlation was found between skin fold thickness and either calculated skin resistance (r 2 = 0.0002) or vascular response to ACh (r 2 = 0.13). Smaller chamber size led to higher voltages and greater electrically induced hyperaemic responses. These appear to be prostaglandin dependent as they were ablated by cyclooxygenase inhibition. Use of a low-resistance vehicle combined with larger chamber sizes and lower currents can prevent such artefacts, thereby increasing the robustness of this methodology for clinical assessment of endothelial function.
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Wearable devices capable of artificially inducing sweat through the introduction of current (iontophoresis) can overcome hurdles associated with low-collection volumes or skin contamination.
“Wearable devices capable of artificially inducing sweat through the introduction of current (iontophoresis) can overcome hurdles associated with low-collection volumes (e.g., attributed to weather) or skin contamination,20,21 as discussed later.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
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Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete
Seshadri, D. R., Li, R. T., Voos, J. E., Rowbottom, J. R., Alfes, C. M., Zorman, C. A., & Drummond, C. K. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0150-9 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ferrell, W. R., Ramsay, J. E., Brooks, N., Lockhart, J. C., Dickson, S., McNeece, G. M., Greer, I. A., & Sattar, N.
- Affiliations
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GB)
- University of the West of Scotland (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Vascular Research
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 447-455
- ISSN
- 1018-1172 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0135
- OpenAlex
- W2089505235
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Vascular Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- endothelial function, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase inhibition, chamber size, skinfold thickness, skin resistance
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholine, Adult, Electric Stimulation, Female, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hyperemia, Male, Middle Aged, Nitroprusside, Prostaglandins, Skin, Sodium Chloride, Vascular Resistance, Vasodilator Agents, Artifacts
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