The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predictors of Suicide in the Old Elderly
Abstract
Background: Seniors aged 75 and above have the highest suicide rates of all age groups in most industrialized countries. However, research concerning risk factors for suicide in the old elderly is sparse. Objective: The purpose was to determine predictors for suicide among the old elderly (75+). Data concerning the young elderly (65–74 years) are shown for comparison. Methods: 85 consecutive cases of suicide that occurred in western Sweden and 153 control persons with the same sex, birth year, and zip code as the suicide cases were randomly selected from the tax register. The old elderly group included 38 cases and 71 controls; the young elderly group included 47 cases and 82 controls. Data concerning the suicide cases were collected through interviews with close informants; controls were interviewed in person. The interview included questions on past-year life events and mental and physical health. Medical records were reviewed for cases and controls. The Cumulative Illness Rating Scale – Geriatrics was used to rate illness burden. Results: Family conflict, serious physical illness, loneliness, and both major and minor depressions were associated with suicide in the 75+ group. Economic problems predicted suicide in the younger but not in the older elderly. Old elderly suicide victims with depression (major or minor) were less likely to have received depression treatment than their younger counterparts. Conclusions: Better recognition and treatment of both major and minor depression should constitute an important target for the prevention of suicide in the old elderly. Intervention studies with large numbers of senior participants are sorely needed.
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In the citing paper
“Only three studies (with four publications) examined suicide/fatal suicidal behavior [38,40,41,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“found no difference between the two groups with regards to living alone [42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Residential change over the past two years was not associated with death by suicide in the Swedish study by Rubenowitz [40], nor when Waern conducted separate analyses for those aged 65–74 years and those aged above 75 [42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Waern noted that both younger (65–74) and older (75+) suicide decedents were significantly less involved in such activities than sex- and age-matched comparisons from the general population [42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Loneliness—the inner, subjective experience of social disconnectedness—was examined in two Swedish studies (across three publications), documenting increased risk for both non-fatal and fatal suicidal behavior [39,40,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“when Waern [42] analyzed data separately for those aged 65–74 years and those aged above 75, loneliness was found to be a stronger predictor among the latter age group.”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“An index of discordant connectedness—relationship discord—was examined in three publications, documenting associations with non-fatal [38] and fatal suicidal behavior [38,40,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Analysis of data from the Swedish psychological autopsy study revealed that interpersonal conflict over the prior 24 months was a significant predictor of suicide [40,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Though investigated in fewer studies, consistent results were also found for subjective measures of social connectedness—perceived social support (two U.S. studies [31,41]) and loneliness (two Swedish studies [39,40,42]).”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
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Phenomenological Study on the Experiences of Latter-aged Elderly Suicide Attempt
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“Especially, old elderly suicide completers with depression were less likely to have received depression treatment than their younger counterparts in a case control study (Waern et al., 2003).”
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“…Lim and colleagues (2015); Morikawa and colleagues (2013); Osmanovic-Thunström, Mossello, Åkerstedt, Fratiglioni, and Wang (2015); Seematter-Bagnoud, Karmaniola, and Santos-Eggimann (2010); Tschanz and colleagues (2013) ;Waern, Rubenowitz, and Wilhelmson (2003); and Wu and colleagues (2017).”
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“…to loneliness and social isolation (Poscia et al., 2018), which have significant implications for mental health, including suicidal ideation (Waern et al., 2003), depressive symptoms (Cacioppo et al., 2006), physical dysfunction (O’Luanaigh & Lawlor, 2008), and mortality (Rico-Uribe et al.,…”
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Quintão, S., Costa, S., Alves, S., & Gusmão, R. (2013) · Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra eBooks · doi:10.14195/978-989-26-0732-0_18 · Cited by 5
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“Loneliness is also a predictor of suicide among older adults aged 65 and older (Waern et al., 2003).”
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Leo, D. D., Draper, B., & Krysinska, K. E. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0071 · Cited by 4
Loneliness and Suicidal Ideation According to Character Type in Elderly
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Journey Towards the End of Life
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Geriatric Healthcare Issues: A Public Health Perspective
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Neighborhood Effect on Elderly Depression in Republic of Korea
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Conduites suicidaires de la personne âgée : état des connaissances
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Prévention du suicide de la personne âgée : la place des interventions communautaires
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“자살 혹은 자살생각은 가족 간 갈등이 증가하는 것과도 관련이 있는데, 가족 간 갈등 은 자신에 대한 부정적 인식을 강화하여, 우울을 증가시 키고 자살을 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있다[13][14] [15][16].”
Yngre og ældre ældres risiko for selvmord efter deres partners død
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A retrospective study of late-onset bipolar disorder: A comparison with early and intermediate onset
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The incremental effects of fraud crime on suicide among the elderly in South Korea’s aging society
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“…among older adults, with several focusing on psychological disorders (e.g., anxiety and depression) that may increase suicide risk and are commonly caused by extremely stressful life events (Henriksson et al., 1995; Kulak-Bejda et al., 2021; Skoog, 2011; Waern et al., 2003; Yeh et al., 2020).”
Changes in depression trends during and after the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults in Korea
Jeong, K.-H., Ryu, J. H., Lee, S., & Kim, S. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.90 · Cited by 3
The 5D indicators of suicide risk in older adults who are lonely
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Suicide and sociodemographic factors among older adults in Norway: a register-based study
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“Living alone increases the risk of loneliness, and loneliness and lack of social engagement are associated with suicidal behavior [17, 21].”
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“However, previous studies (Kposowa, 2009; Lee & Heo, 2020; Waern et al., 2003) usually focused only on the individual or regional level; thus, they had confines in taking an integrated approach to suicide in old age.”
MethodA Clinical Review of Acute Poisonings in Geriatric Patients from Rural Gangwon Province
Jeong Yeol Lee, M. D., Seo, J. Y., Ahn, M. E., Lee, T. H., Sang Heon Park, M. D., Kim, Y. M., Kim, J. H., Cho, J. H., & Moon, J. B. (2011) · Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society · doi:10.4235/jkgs.2011.15.4.200 · Cited by 2
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The Challenge of Suicide Prevention in Later Life
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The Older Cancer Patient: Religious and Spiritual Dimensions
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“Of course, other factors also increase suicide mortality in old age, such as social isolation and poor physical or financial conditions [22].”
BackgroundWang, J., Ma, Z., Jia, C.-X., Wang, G., & Zhou, L. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5819 · Cited by 2
“This discrepancy could be explained by the difference in operational rating of physical illness.(21) Besides, physical diseases elevate suicide risk via increasing depression, hopelessness, and perceived burden.”
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“이는 자살과도 연관이 깊어 자살시도의 위험성을 높이는 것으 로 알려져 있다[7-9].”
A Study on the Counseling Experience of the Peer Counselor for Older Adults at Risk of Suicide
박종원, & Chong, H.-S. (2018) · Korean Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.20970/kasw.2018.70.2.008 · Cited by 1
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Huang, Q., Yu, X., Gao, H., Lin, X.-X., Wang, J., Su, P., Li, X., Chen, D., Hermann, D. M., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-36347-y · Cited by 1
“Although direct investigations of suicidal ideation in VSS remain limited, both visual impairment and chronic neurological conditions independently elevate suicide risk 5,6 .”
InfluentialDoering, S., Asteberg, E., Berglund, T., Blom, S., Wiktorsson, S., Lapierre, S., Johansson, L., Wilhelmson, K., Berg, A. I., & Wærn, M. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07393-y · Cited by 1
“A Swedish psychological autopsy study showed that half of those aged 75 or older who died by suicide received HC, compared to less than a third of those in the age-and sex-matched population-based comparison group [7].”
Self-citationGundersen, K., Dzúrová, D., & Csémy, L. (2026) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-026-09576-x · Cited by 1
“Instead, other factors such as loneliness, education, and partnership status appear to play more critical roles in shaping suicidal ideation in later life (Waern et al., 2003).”
Cheng, J. L. (2012) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Richard‐Devantoy, S., Kefi, Z., Gallarda, T., Brossard, D., & Gall, D. L. (2014) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2013.10.003 · Cited by 2
Suicide and Its Prevention Among Older Adults
Heisel, M. J. (2009) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.7.1.foc106 · Cited by 1
Colenda, C. C., & Coyne, J. C. (2008) · Cited by 1
Medical Comorbidities and Trauma
Hawes, H. G., & Holcomb, J. B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16586-8_20 · Cited by 1
Vahia, I. V., Kulkarni, G., Meeks, T. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199796816.003.0008 · Cited by 2
Wenn die Last von Altwerden, Krankheit und Beziehungsproblemen zu groß wird
Lindner, R. (2017) · NeuroTransmitter · doi:10.1007/s15016-017-5899-y · Cited by 1
“[17] beschriebenen Zusammenhänge zwischen familiären Kon®ikten und Suiziden im hohen Alter.”
BackgroundLONELINESS OF OLDER PEOPLE AND ELEMENTS OF AN INTERVENTION FOR ITS ALLEVIATION
Julkaisuja, T. Y. (2008) · Cited by 1
Media Coverage of Senior and Celebrity Suicides and Its Effects on Copycat Suicides among Seniors
Lee, S. Y., & Pyun, M. (2022) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2022.2040171 · Cited by 1
“…as suggested by Durkheim (1952), decreased social integration and loneliness have been found to play a role in senior suicides (Osgood, 1987; Waern et al., 2003) These conditions are among the factors that lead seniors to develop suicidal ideation, although they may not directly trigger…”
BackgroundInfluentialDepression and Suicidal Ideations in Older Adults
Mgbeojedo, U. G., Osiri, E. J., Isaac, F. S., & Anodebe, C. P. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006654 · Cited by 1
Elderly suicides in Bolu province
Hösükler, E., Erkol, Z. Z., Özdeş, T., Turan, T., & Yazgı, B. K. (2025) · Northwestern Medical Journal · doi:10.54307/2025.nwmj.100 · Cited by 1
“In the study conducted by Waern et al. of people over 75 years of age, family conflict, severe physical illness, loneliness, and both major and minor depression were found to be closely related to suicide in the elderly (18).”
Suicide in the Second Half of Life: Cognition and Decision Processes
Szántó, K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09964-4_10 · Cited by 1
Clinical Characteristics of Elderly Depression Using MMPI-2-RF
장한아, 김근향, 홍나래, Choi, J. Y., 박은희, & 전덕인 (2015) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.3.009 · Cited by 1
Perception, report, and education of elder abuse in emergency medical technicians in Korea
Chae, M.-J., Yun, J.-G., & Kim, B. (2017) · Emergency medical services · doi:10.14408/kjems.2017.21.2.079 · Cited by 1
“학대피해 노인은 절망, 고 독, 타임과의 고립감을 느끼게 되고, 불안, 학습된 무기력, 수치심, 외상 후 스트레스 장애등이 나타 나게 된다[12,13].”
최상미, & 채성현 (2015) · Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare · doi:10.21194/kjgsw..69.201509.417 · Cited by 1
Analyzing suicide life stories on Wikipedia with Highway_star and other textual visualization tools
Lombardo, F., & Daly, M. (2021) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-021-00272-w · Cited by 2
Socio-economic inequalities in mental health and their determinants in South Korea
Hong, J. (2012) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 1
ATTACHMENT STYLE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR SUICIDE-RELATED BEHAVIORS IN YOUTH
Venta, A. C. (2012) · Cited by 1
Son, J. L. (2009) · Cited by 1
Schaefer, K. (2014) · doi:10.13021/mars/5446 · Cited by 1
Tentative de suicide et psychiatrie de la personne âgée
Mouchabac, S. (2012) · Références en réanimation · doi:10.1007/978-2-8178-0287-9_24 · Cited by 1
Ohldin, A. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52430_6.x
Metadata
- Authors
- Waern, M., Rubenowitz, E., & Wilhelmson, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- ORCID
- Wilhelmson, Katarina
- Venue
- Gerontology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 328-334
- ISSN
- 0304-324X (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0003
- OpenAlex
- W2086377562
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 12.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- suicide, oldest old, older adults, risk factors, depression, family conflict, loneliness, physical illness, economic problems, depression treatment, suicide prevention, life events, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Status, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Suicide, Sweden, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
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