The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predictors of Suicide in the Old Elderly
Abstract
Background: Seniors aged 75 and above have the highest suicide rates of all age groups in most industrialized countries. However, research concerning risk factors for suicide in the old elderly is sparse. Objective: The purpose was to determine predictors for suicide among the old elderly (75+). Data concerning the young elderly (65–74 years) are shown for comparison. Methods: 85 consecutive cases of suicide that occurred in western Sweden and 153 control persons with the same sex, birth year, and zip code as the suicide cases were randomly selected from the tax register. The old elderly group included 38 cases and 71 controls; the young elderly group included 47 cases and 82 controls. Data concerning the suicide cases were collected through interviews with close informants; controls were interviewed in person. The interview included questions on past-year life events and mental and physical health. Medical records were reviewed for cases and controls. The Cumulative Illness Rating Scale – Geriatrics was used to rate illness burden. Results: Family conflict, serious physical illness, loneliness, and both major and minor depressions were associated with suicide in the 75+ group. Economic problems predicted suicide in the younger but not in the older elderly. Old elderly suicide victims with depression (major or minor) were less likely to have received depression treatment than their younger counterparts. Conclusions: Better recognition and treatment of both major and minor depression should constitute an important target for the prevention of suicide in the old elderly. Intervention studies with large numbers of senior participants are sorely needed.
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In the citing paper
“Only three studies (with four publications) examined suicide/fatal suicidal behavior [38,40,41,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“found no difference between the two groups with regards to living alone [42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Residential change over the past two years was not associated with death by suicide in the Swedish study by Rubenowitz [40], nor when Waern conducted separate analyses for those aged 65–74 years and those aged above 75 [42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Waern noted that both younger (65–74) and older (75+) suicide decedents were significantly less involved in such activities than sex- and age-matched comparisons from the general population [42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Loneliness—the inner, subjective experience of social disconnectedness—was examined in two Swedish studies (across three publications), documenting increased risk for both non-fatal and fatal suicidal behavior [39,40,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“when Waern [42] analyzed data separately for those aged 65–74 years and those aged above 75, loneliness was found to be a stronger predictor among the latter age group.”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“An index of discordant connectedness—relationship discord—was examined in three publications, documenting associations with non-fatal [38] and fatal suicidal behavior [38,40,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Analysis of data from the Swedish psychological autopsy study revealed that interpersonal conflict over the prior 24 months was a significant predictor of suicide [40,42].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Though investigated in fewer studies, consistent results were also found for subjective measures of social connectedness—perceived social support (two U.S. studies [31,41]) and loneliness (two Swedish studies [39,40,42]).”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
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Personality and Suicidal Behavior in Old Age: A Systematic Literature Review
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“In light of a recent study (Waern et al. 2003) which listed major depression, loneliness, and serious physical illness as factors associated with suicide in the elderly, this study suggests that health care providers should not only monitor these symptoms continuously among elderly patients but…”
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Functional disability and death wishes in older Europeans: results from the EURODEP concerted action
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“, 2006), increased healthcare use (Koenig and Kuchibhatla, 1998), suicidal ideation (Waern et al., 2003; Wiktorsson et al., 2010), and decreased quality of life (Nirenberg et al.”
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“This finding is notable given the known association between depression and suicide-related ideation (Stolberg, Clark, & Bongar, 2002 ; Waern, Rubenowitz, & Wilhelmson, 2003 ; Yip et al, 2003 ).”
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“This is in line with studies carried out worldwide and underlies the need to establish prevention and attention programs in mental health, especially for depression (Cheng, Mann, & Chan et al, 1997 ; Conner, Duberstein, Conwell et al, 2001 ; Phillips, Yang, Zhang et al, 2002 ; Waern, Rubenowitz, Wilhelmson, 2003 ).”
ResultLoneliness of Older People and Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviation
Savikko, N. M. (2008) · UTUPub (University of Turku) · Cited by 56
Suicide in later life: public health and practitioner perspectives
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“For example, there is suggestive evidence that stressful life events (especially bereavement and family discord) represent independent risk factors in later life (Rubenowitz et al., 2001) with family conflict possibly arising from limited ability to adapt when very old (Waern et al., 2003).”
BackgroundUnderstanding loneliness in the lived experiences of Iranian elders
Heravi‐Karimooi, M., Anoosheh, M., Foroughan, M., Sheykhi, M. T., & Hajizadeh, E. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2009.00717.x · Cited by 53
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Bonnewyn, A., Shah, A. K., & Demyttenaere, K. (2009) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259809990347 · Cited by 53
Haseda, M., Kondo, N., Ashida, T., Tani, Y., Takagi, D., & Kondo, K. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20160216 · Cited by 55
Haseda, M., Kondo, N., Takagi, D., & Kondo, K. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.04.010 · Cited by 51
“Depression can cause other critical health issues including suicide, frailty, functional disability, and mortality (Waern et al., 2003; Kondo et al., 2008; Wada et al., 2004).”
BackgroundParaschakis, A., Douzenis, A., Michopoulos, I., Christodoulou, C., Vassilopoulou, K., Koutsaftis, F., & Lykouras, L. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.011 · Cited by 49
“Physical disease confers elevated risk for suicide in the elderly and this is attributed by some to depression (Conwell et al., 2002; Di Mauro et al., 2003; Waern et al., 2003; Harwood et al., 2006).”
Archer, C., Moran, K., Garza, K., Zakrzewski, J. J., Martín, A., Chou, C., Uhm, S. Y., Chan, J., Gause, M., Salazar, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.11.001 · Cited by 49
Suicide in the Old Elderly: Results from One Italian County
Innamorati, M., Pompili, M., Vittorio, C. D., Baratta, S., Masotti, V., Badaracco, A., Conwell, Y., Girardi, P., & Amore, M. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.003 · Cited by 49
Carter, P. M., Losman, E. D., Roche, J., Malani, P., Kullgren, J. T., Solway, E. S., Kirch, M., Singer, D., Walton, M. A., Zeoli, A. M., et al. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106955 · Cited by 48
Antidepressants Reduce the Risk of Suicide among Elderly Depressed Patients
Barak, Y., Olmer, A., & Aizenberg, D. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300863 · Cited by 47
“Seniors aged 75 years and above have the highest suicide rates of all age groups in most industrialized countries (Waern et al, 2003).”
BackgroundAhern, M. M., & HENDRYX, M. S. (2008) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0752 · Cited by 46
Suicide risk assessment tools, predictive validity findings and utility today: time for a revamp?
Roos, L. E., Sareen, J., & Bolton, J. M. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.13.60 · Cited by 47
Stein-Shvachman, I. (2013) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2013.0400329 · Cited by 42
“On the one hand, numerous studies found that suicide rates are higher among older adults, [12, 19, 31, 32], and suggest that age-related losses, both social and medical, are the main reasons for this worrisome phenomena [33].”
BackgroundDonohue, J. M., Zhang, Y., Perera, S., Lave, J. R., Hanlon, J. T., Men, A., & Reynolds, C. F. (2011) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3182051a9b · Cited by 40
Suicide among the elderly and associated factors in South Korea
Shin, K. M., Cho, S.-M., Hong, C. H., Park, K. S., Shin, Y., Lim, K. Y., & Koh, S. H. (2012) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.702732 · Cited by 40
“Depression has been identified as one of the most important risk factors for suicide in the elderly (Conwell, 1997 ; Waern, Rubenowitz, & Whilhelmson, 2003 ), and this research also showed a high correlation with suicide ideation and attempt.”
BackgroundGreen space and suicide mortality in Japan: An ecological study
Jiang, W., Stickley, A., & Ueda, M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114137 · Cited by 41
Kim, K., Choi, Y., Lim, Y.-H., & Hong, Y. (2015) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.021 · Cited by 39
“Depression in elderly populations has been associated with increased suicide (Waern et al., 2003), mortality related to cardiovascular (Frasure-Smith et al., 1993) and cerebrovascular disease (House et al., 2001), poor functioning (Ormel et al., 1993), and health care service use and costs (Simon…”
BackgroundRates and previous disease history in old age suicide
Koponen, H., Viilo, K. M., Hakko, H. H., Timonen, M., Meyer‐Rochow, V. B., Särkioja, T., & Räsänen, P. K. (2006) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1651 · Cited by 39
Social Participation, Social Environment and Death Ideations in Later Life
Saïas, T., Beck, F., Bodard, J., Guignard, R., & du Roscoät, E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046723 · Cited by 42
“We have criticized this specific focus on individual determinants of suicide or suicidal thoughts in older people [1], especially for the impact of depression [2] and somatic disorders [3,4].”
BackgroundTrakhtenbrot, R., Gvion, Y., Levi-Belz, Y., Horesh, N., Fischel, T., Weiser, M., Treves, I., & Apter, A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.054 · Cited by 37
Lutzman, M., Sommerfeld, E., & Ben‐David, S. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161022000112x · Cited by 46
“Previous research consistently pointed at physical health dif fi culties as well as at loneliness and poor social integration as risk factors for suicide (Erlang-sen et al. , 2015; Waern et al. , 2003).”
Teater, B. A., Chonody, J. M., & Davis, N. (2020) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1866140 · Cited by 47
Park, S. D., & Yu, S. H. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2481 · Cited by 36
Self-worth therapy for depressive symptoms in older nursing home residents
Tsai, Y., Wong, T. K. S., Tsai, H., & Ku, Y. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04804.x · Cited by 36
“Moreover, depressed older people have higher suicide rates than their non-depressed counterparts (Quan et al. 2002, Waern et al. 2003, Suominen et al. 2004).”
BackgroundDiehl‐Schmid, J., Jox, R. J., Gauthier, S. G., Belleville, S., Racine, É., Schüle, C., Turecki, G., & Richard‐Devantoy, S. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217000679 · Cited by 38
“A Swedish case-control study of older persons found that dementia was not associated with an increased risk for suicide; in this study, only three out of 85 suicide completers suffered from dementia prior to their death (Waern et al., 2003).”
BackgroundDeath Ideas, Suicidal Thoughts, and Plans Among Nursing Home Residents
Scocco, P., Fantoni, G., Rapattoni, M., de Girolamo, G., & Pavan, L. (2009) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988709332937 · Cited by 36
“Older people typically find themselves having to cope with multiple losses in their lives (in terms, eg, of status, social roles, interpersonal relationships, and health), and this phenomenon most probably accounts for why they exhibit the highest suicidal rates internationally.(1,2) Some authors claim that suicide an…”
BackgroundResultDietschi, D., Ardu, S., Rossier-Gerber, A., & Krejci, I. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 36
Physical Health and Suicide in Late Life: An Evaluative Review
Fiske, A., O’Riley, A. A., & Widoe, R. K. (2008) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317110801947151 · Cited by 35
“Utilizing the same data, Waern, Rubenowitz, and Wilhelmson (2003) assessed differences between young-old and old-old suicides.”
MethodChu, C., Buchman‐Schmitt, J. M., Ringer, F. B., & Joiner, T. E. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9715-3 · Cited by 38
“…association between suicide-related behaviors and various indices of social isolation, including low social support (Qin and Nordentoft 2005), loneliness (Koivumaa-Honkanen et al. 2001; Waern et al. 2003), and living alone and/or being unmarried (Conner et al. 1999; Cheng et al. 2000; Stack 2000).”
BackgroundPhysical distress and relationship problems
Lindner, R., Foerster, R., & von Renteln‐Kruse, W. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-013-0563-z · Cited by 32
Factors associated with suicide by firearm among U.S. older adult men.
Kaplan, M. S., Huguet, N., McFarland, B. H., & Mandle, J. A. (2011) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0023173 · Cited by 33
Orden, K. A. V., Areán, P. A., & Conwell, Y. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.03.009 · Cited by 36
Attempted Suicide and the Elderly Trauma Patient: Risk Factors and Outcomes
Crandall, M. L., Luchette, F. A., Esposito, T. J., West, M. A., Shapiro, M. B., & Bulger, E. M. (2007) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000229784.88927.6e · Cited by 32
Association between life events and change in depressive symptoms in Hong Kong Chinese elderly
Chan, D. C.-C., Kwok, A. W. L., Leung, J. C. S., Yuen, K., Choy, D. T. K., & Leung, P. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.031 · Cited by 32
“Suicide in elderly was associated with both major and minor depressions (Conwell et al., 2000; Waern et al., 2003) and life events such as loss of spouse (Erlangsen et al.”
BackgroundMcDonald, T. W., Chown, E. L., Tabb, J. E., Schaeffer, A. K., & Howard, E. K. M. (2013) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2013.43a042 · Cited by 33
“Other researchers have also confirmed the prevalence of these two mental health problems (e.g., Andreescu et al., 2007; Batterham, Christensen, & Mac-kinnon, 2012; Dunner, 2003; Lenze et al., 2003; Vink, Aartsen, & Schoevers, 2008; Waern, Rubenowitz, & Wilhelmson, 2003).”
BackgroundSense of coherence in elderly suicide attempters: the impact of social and health-related factors
Fässberg, M. M., Wiktorsson, S., Joas, E., Östling, S., Skoog, I. G., & Wærn, M. (2011) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610211000196 · Cited by 31
“As participant age ranged over more than two decades in the present study, and the association between physical illness and completed suicide has been shown to differ in younger and older elderly (Waern et al., 2003), we wanted to stratify by age group.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Waern, M., Rubenowitz, E., & Wilhelmson, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- ORCID
- Wilhelmson, Katarina
- Venue
- Gerontology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 328-334
- ISSN
- 0304-324X (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0003
- OpenAlex
- W2086377562
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 12.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- suicide, oldest old, older adults, risk factors, depression, family conflict, loneliness, physical illness, economic problems, depression treatment, suicide prevention, life events, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Status, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Suicide, Sweden, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
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