Cited by 169Stress Responses and CortisolTryptophan and brain disordersNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

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HPA and Immune Axes in Stress: Involvement of the Serotonergic System

Leonard, Brian E.·2006·Neuroimmunomodulation

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Abstract

Chronic stress, by initiating changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, acts as a trigger for anxiety and depression. There is experimental and clinical evidence that the rise in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids, which occurs in a chronically stressful situation and also in depression, contributes to the behavioural changes associated with depression. A defect in serotonergic function is associated with these hormonal and immune changes. Neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdalae are the frequent outcomes of the changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. Such changes may provide evidence for the link between chronic depression and dementia in later life.

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Authors: Leonard, B. E.
Affiliations: Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
Corresponding author: Leonard, Brian E.
Venue: Neuroimmunomodulation
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2006
Volume: 13
Issue: 5-6
Pages: 268-276
ISSN: 1021-7401 (ISSN-L)
1423-0216
DOI: 10.1159/000104854
OpenAlex: W2025883568
Cited by: 169
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 1.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImmunoModulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords: chronic stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune system, serotonergic system, inflammatory cytokines, glucocorticoids, depression, anxiety, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, neurodegeneration, dementia
MeSH terms: Animals, Anxiety, Brain, Chronic Disease, Depression, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Nerve Degeneration, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Serotonin, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines

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HPA and Immune Axes in Stress: Involvement of the Serotonergic System

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