Rebound Insomnia and Rebound Anxiety: A Review
Abstract
Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety are clinical conditions related to withdrawal of certain benzodiazepine drugs. Numerous studies of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics conducted in our sleep laboratory demonstrated that rebound insomnia developed following withdrawal from benzodiazepines with a rapid or intermediate elimination rate. Several studies conducted by other investigators also indicated the development of rebound insomnia under similar conditions. Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety are discussed in terms of their interrelationship, clinical implications, and receptor mechanisms. Evidence suggests that drugs producing rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety also show a more rapid development of tolerance and greater potential for drug dependence than benzodiazepines where the parent compound or its metabolites have a long elimination half-life.
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Withdrawal symptoms are more severe following withdrawal from short rather than long half-life benzodiazepines.
“These symptoms are more severe following withdrawal from short rather than long half-life BZDs [39,40,41,42,43].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for the discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use in insomnia and anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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BackgroundSelf-citation
- Authors
- Kales, A., Soldatos, C. R., Bixler, E. O., & Kales, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Pharmacology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2008-06-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 121-137
- ISSN
- 0031-7012 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0313
- OpenAlex
- W2049309469
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- rebound insomnia, benzodiazepine withdrawal, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, elimination half-life, drug tolerance, drug addiction, benzodiazepine metabolites, receptor mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Benzodiazepines, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Half-Life, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Recurrence, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Anti-Anxiety Agents
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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