Chronic hypnotic use: deadly risks, doubtful benefit
Abstract
In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all hypnotic prescriptions go to chronic users, who have taken hypnotics for an average of 5 years or more. Two large prospective epidemiological studies have shown that reported hypnotic use, especially use 30 times per month, is associated with an excess hazard of death. Indeed, use of hypnotics 30 times per month is associated with a similar mortality hazard to smoking 1-2 packs of cigarettes per day. Moreover, the hypnotic user's wish to improve daytime function is usually unfulfilled. The preponderance of evidence is that hypnotics impair performance, cognition and memory, increase the risk of automobile accidents and falls and promote unfavourable changes in personality. Due to tolerance, the sleep-promoting effects of hypnotics appear to be lost with chronic use. With long-term use, there is little controlled evidence that hypnotics produce benefits of any sort. More study of long-term hypnotic effects by public agencies is needed, but available evidence weighs strongly against long-term prescribing.
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Prescription hypnotic medications may carry significant risks.
“This particularly important since prescription hypnotic medications may carry significant risks(239-243).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [242]
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- Authors
- Kripke, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kripke, Daniel F.
- ORCID
- Kripke, Daniel F.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-20
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112864440
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- hypnotics, long-term prescribing, mortality risk, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, falls, automobile accidents, personality change, daytime functioning
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