The DOI matches its Crossref record; 228 of the 229 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nonpharmacological Therapies in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Efficacy
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmacological therapies (NPTs) can improve the quality of life (QoL) of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their carers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the best evidence on the effects of NPTs in AD and related disorders (ADRD) by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the entire field. METHODS: Existing reviews and major electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The deadline for study inclusion was September 15, 2008. Intervention categories and outcome domains were predefined by consensus. Two researchers working together detected 1,313 candidate studies of which 179 RCTs belonging to 26 intervention categories were selected. Cognitive deterioration had to be documented in all participants, and degenerative etiology (indicating dementia) had to be present or presumed in at least 80% of the subjects. Evidence tables, meta-analysis and summaries of results were elaborated by the first author and reviewed by author subgroups. Methods for rating level of evidence and grading practice recommendations were adapted from the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS: Grade A treatment recommendation was achieved for institutionalization delay (multicomponent interventions for the caregiver, CG). Grade B recommendation was reached for the person with dementia (PWD) for: improvement in cognition (cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the PWD); activities of daily living (ADL) (ADL training, multicomponent interventions for the PWD); behavior (cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the PWD, behavioral interventions, professional CG training); mood (multicomponent interventions for the PWD); QoL (multicomponent interventions for PWD and CG) and restraint prevention (professional CG training); for the CG, grade B was also reached for: CG mood (CG education, CG support, multicomponent interventions for the CG); CG psychological well-being (cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the CG); CG QoL (multicomponent interventions for PWD and CG). CONCLUSION: NPTs emerge as a useful, versatile and potentially cost-effective approach to improve outcomes and QoL in ADRD for both the PWD and CG.
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“Indeed, research shows a positive correlation between increased physical activity, cognitive training, improved nutrition, and slowing cognitive and functional decline and intensity of BPSD.”
From Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
In the citing paper
“Only multicomponent interventions have been shown to be effective in preventing institutionalisation.11,12”
In the citing paper
“However, preliminary results indicate that CS may improve QoL and well-being of caregivers of people with AD and dementia (69, 70, 74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Most RCTs showed no effect of CT on other outcomes, but their low quality impede any solid conclusion (70–72, 74, 77).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Several studies reported an improvement of general cognitive functioning in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia after CS sessions of variable length (69–74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Music therapy and behavioral management techniques seem to cause a short-term reduction of BPSD, but long-term efficacy is unclear.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Potential benefits of these interventions have been documented, but the strength of evidence is overall low and the great heterogeneity in terms of type of intervention, follow-up duration, type of outcome measures hamper comparison across studies.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“In particular, there are no conclusive results for validation and reminiscence therapy, the effectiveness of light therapy is not clear, aromatherapy is better than no treatment.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“The small body of evidence for other sensory interventions, such as massage and touch therapy, suggests they could be viable treatment options, especially given the ease of implementation and minimal training involved.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“No effect has been documented for acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Some reports indicate the NPT to BPSD to be potentially cost-effective (70, 99, 106), but further research is needed on this point.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Actually, some systematic reviews demonstrated that multicomponent interventions were more effective than single activities in improving general well-being of both persons with dementia and their caregivers (70, 175), and in hospitalized older adults with cognitive impairment (176, 177).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
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“Meta-analysis (Olazaran et al. 2010); life skills training for people with mental health conditions,”
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“Lifestyle interventions are more often useful to improve quality of life than the actual symptoms of AD (Olazaran et al. 2010).”
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“However, a systematic review (Olazarán et al., 2010) showed that most participants included in the studies do not qualify for clinical depression.”
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“13 Over the past decade, we have developed and tested an in-person, mind-body, group movement program for people living with MCI or mild to moderate dementia called Preventing Loss of Independence through Exercise (PLI´E).”
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“Increasing evidence shows that NPIs may represent an optimal approach for alleviating physical and mental symptoms without inducing severe side effects (Olazaran et al., 2010 ; Scales et al., 2018; Zucchella et al., 2018 ).”
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“Due to the widespread absence of secondary effects and its flexibility to be adapted to individual cases, the NPTs should be the first choice of therapy to improve the functionality of the BADL or to modify specific behaviors [2,7].”
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“Bahar-Fuchs et al. (2013) assumed that the correlation between pre- and posttest scores was zero, whereas Sitzer et al. (2006) and Olazarán et al. (2010) did not report how they controlled for the pre/post correlation.”
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“Moreover, a systematic review stated that multicomponent programmes improve QoL with similar or even larger effect sizes than those seen in pharmacological interventions (Olazaran et al., 2010).”
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“Aim/Purpose: Evidence suggests nonpharmacological therapies could improve quality of life in people with Alzheimer’s disease (Olazaran et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialTimely Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Italy: An Expert Opinion
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“One review found that multicomponent, nonpharmacological interventions for people living with dementia had a positive effect on the activities of daily living, cognitive functioning, and mood [13].”
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“…rivastigmine, and memantine) and non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., cognitive training) have been associated with modest but statistically significant benefits to cognitive function (Hansen et al., 2008; Olazarán et al., 2010), but the impact of their use on HRQoL is less well established.”
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“Therefore, this aspect appeared to be the main problem in the large-scale clinical trials and monitoring, because the delay in institutionalization of patients with dementia got associated with multimodal interventions of the caregiver.(57) Another report observed from 22 RTCs of physical exercises or cognitive interv…”
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“Como se ha señalado a lo largo del trabajo, existen iniciativas de intervención que han logrado respaldo empírico para reducir el malestar tanto de personas con demencia como de sus familiares (Gallagher-Thompson y Coon, 2007, 2012; Logsdon et al., 2007; Olazarán et al., 2010).”
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“These positive effects reduce the need for restraint measures and improve quality of life of patients with dementia, which also contributes to the psychological wellbeing of their caregivers (Olazaran et al., 2010).”
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“Unauthorize the need for intellectual activity of one-on-one attention.9,10,12 The ultimate goal of MSS is to improve the patients’ well being and quality of life, which are assessed through changes in the following behaviors or mood status, among others: apathetic, aggressive, adaptive and agitated behaviors, and dep…”
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“Meanwhile, other modalities such as art therapy and music therapy still lack evidence.([25,26]) For non-pharmacological interventions, most existing reviews have analyzed a specific type of dementia or participants in homes or community settings.”
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“5,6 9 However, these interventions are typically delivered in-person, which makes them difficult to scale.”
BackgroundLifestyle and Alzheimer’s Disease
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“In recent years, pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies (Olazaran et al., 2010) have emerged as strong reasons for structured professional approaches to persons with dementia (PwD).”
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“In recent research, non-pharmacological multicomponent therapies seemed to be more effective than one-component therapies because they had positive effects on more than one outcome domain (14, 15).”
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“Dans le cadre de la maladie d’Alzheimer et des maladies apparentées, l’éducation thérapeutique fait cependant partie des thérapeutiques non médicamenteuses présentant un bon niveau de preuve avec un effet positif sur le retard d’entrée en institution et la perte d’autonomie, ainsi que la dépression de l’aidant [9].”
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Counselling of people with dementia in legal matters – social and health care professionals’ role
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“…families need information and support (Clarkson et al., 2016; Laakkonen et al., 2016; Laakkonen, Raivio, & Eloniemi-Sulkava, 2008; Laakkonen, Raivio, Eloniemi-Sulkava, Tilvis, & Pitkälä, 2008; Li, Cooper, Bradley, Shulman, & Livingston, 2012; Olazarán et al., 2010; Robinson, Clare, & Evans, 2005).”
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“Moreover, therapies such as validation, reminiscence, psychomotor therapy, multi-sensory stimulation and music therapy can increase QoL of people with dementia and their caregivers [18].”
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“Ingeneral,researchhasshownthat non-pharmacologicaltherapies(psycho-cognitive programs,aromatherapy,behavioraltherapy,Snoeze-lentherapy)havemoderateefficacyinreducinga variety of difficult cognitive or behavioral troubles in AD [96].”
Burgess, J., Wenborn, J., Bona, L. D., Orrell, M. W., & Poland, F. M. (2020) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301220981240 · Cited by 11
“…interventions, which include cognitive, physical or social activities, can have a positive outcome on cognitive function, activities of daily living, delay admission to care homes and improve family carers’ well-being (Olazarán et al., 2010; Oyebode & Parveen, 2019; Spijker et al., 2008).”
BackgroundImplementation of an integrative movement program for residents with dementia in a VA nursing home
Akram, A., Nicosia, F. M., Lee, J., Lee, M., Martin, L., Martinez, S., Ordoñez, C., Woo, M., & Barnes, D. E. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02494-2 · Cited by 11
Lee, H., Kim, E., & Yoon, J. Y. (2022) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12822 · Cited by 11
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Tailoring the therapeutic interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
Vuić, B., Konjevod, M., Tudor, L., Milos, T., Perković, M. N., Erjavec, G. N., Pivac, N., Uzun, S., Mimica, N., & Štrac, D. Š. (2022) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2112668 · Cited by 11
“pharmacotherapy [104,105], their widespread use faces many difficulties, such as a shortage of trained personnel, the limited knowledge about their efficacy, the preferences and opinions”
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“In the last few decades, an increasing number of studies found that the non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive training, may play a role both for patients with AD or for their caregivers, as a complement to the pharmacological approach [115].”
François, M., Sicsic, J., Elbaz, A., & Pelletier‐Fleury, N. (2017) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-017-0481-7 · Cited by 11
“, training of specific cognitive abilities in small groups or activities of daily living training) [50].”
BackgroundDrugs for Dementia and Excess of Hospitalization: A Longitudinal French Study
François, M., Sicsic, J., & Pelletier‐Fleury, N. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170371 · Cited by 14
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“Even though every person who is diagnosed with dementia is different, the disease is typically characterised by an increasing need for care and support and loss of independence (Olazaran et al., 2010; Prince, Prina, & Guerchet, 2013).”
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Rodríguez, J. O., Paz, M. S., & Sánchez, S. M. (2012) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.001 · Cited by 11
“are usually created by family member support groups, social services or PC centres, increase caregivers’ psychological well-being and delay institutionalisation.(21) Unfortunately, only 18.”
BackgroundImproving access to a multi-component intervention for caregivers and people with dementia
Milders, M. M., Bell, S., Lorimer, A., Jackson, H., & McNamee, P. (2016) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301216672745 · Cited by 11
“…appear particularly effective in maintaining well-being and daily functioning in the person with dementia, and improving caregiver well-being (Livingston, Johnston, Katona, Paton, & Lyketsos, 2005; Olazarán et al., 2010; Van’t Leven et al., 2013), which in turn can have positive cost implications.”
BackgroundInfluentialVuijk, J. G. J., Brinke, J. K., & Sharma, N. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23135834 · Cited by 10
“Research has shown that it can both reduce caregivers’ distress [6] and improve their well-being [83,84].”
BackgroundAdvantages of different care services for reducing neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia patients
Suzuki, Y., Kazui, H., Yoshiyama, K., Azuma, S., Kanemoto, H., Sato, S., Suehiro, T., & Ikeda, M. (2018) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12317 · Cited by 10
Effects of an Interdisciplinary Care Team on the Management of Alzheimer's Disease in China
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“These treatments are beneficial and may be cost- effective (Olazarán et al., 2010).”
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“Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews have also found that caregiver interventions improve caregivers’ mental health and well-being, reduce caregiver burden and delay institutionalisation for the person with dementia (Olazaran et al., 2010; Parker, Mills, & Abbey, 2008).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Olazarán, J., Reisberg, B., Clare, L., Cruz, I., Peña-Casanova, J., del Ser, T., Woods, B., Beck, C., Auer, S., Lai, C., Spector, A., Fazio, S., Bond, J., Kivipelto, M., Brodaty, H., Rojo, J. M., Collins, H., Teri, L., Mittelman, M., Orrell, M., Feldman, H. H., & Muñiz, R.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Bangor University (GB)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- MAS Alzheimerhilfe (AT)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- University College London (GB)
- Alzheimer's Association (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Cochrane (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-178
- ISSN
- 1420-8008 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9824
- OpenAlex
- W2116861306
- Cited by
- 937
- References
- 229
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 7.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, non-pharmacological treatment, dementia, quality of life, caregivers, cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, multicomponent intervention, activities of daily living, mood, restraint prevention, caregiver education, treatment guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Complementary Therapies, Alzheimer Disease, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Institutionalization, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Caregivers, Disease Progression, Evidence-Based Medicine, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Learning Curve
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