The DOI matches its Crossref record; 228 of the 229 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nonpharmacological Therapies in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Efficacy
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmacological therapies (NPTs) can improve the quality of life (QoL) of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their carers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the best evidence on the effects of NPTs in AD and related disorders (ADRD) by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the entire field. METHODS: Existing reviews and major electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The deadline for study inclusion was September 15, 2008. Intervention categories and outcome domains were predefined by consensus. Two researchers working together detected 1,313 candidate studies of which 179 RCTs belonging to 26 intervention categories were selected. Cognitive deterioration had to be documented in all participants, and degenerative etiology (indicating dementia) had to be present or presumed in at least 80% of the subjects. Evidence tables, meta-analysis and summaries of results were elaborated by the first author and reviewed by author subgroups. Methods for rating level of evidence and grading practice recommendations were adapted from the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS: Grade A treatment recommendation was achieved for institutionalization delay (multicomponent interventions for the caregiver, CG). Grade B recommendation was reached for the person with dementia (PWD) for: improvement in cognition (cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the PWD); activities of daily living (ADL) (ADL training, multicomponent interventions for the PWD); behavior (cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the PWD, behavioral interventions, professional CG training); mood (multicomponent interventions for the PWD); QoL (multicomponent interventions for PWD and CG) and restraint prevention (professional CG training); for the CG, grade B was also reached for: CG mood (CG education, CG support, multicomponent interventions for the CG); CG psychological well-being (cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the CG); CG QoL (multicomponent interventions for PWD and CG). CONCLUSION: NPTs emerge as a useful, versatile and potentially cost-effective approach to improve outcomes and QoL in ADRD for both the PWD and CG.
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“Indeed, research shows a positive correlation between increased physical activity, cognitive training, improved nutrition, and slowing cognitive and functional decline and intensity of BPSD.”
From Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
In the citing paper
“Only multicomponent interventions have been shown to be effective in preventing institutionalisation.11,12”
In the citing paper
“However, preliminary results indicate that CS may improve QoL and well-being of caregivers of people with AD and dementia (69, 70, 74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Most RCTs showed no effect of CT on other outcomes, but their low quality impede any solid conclusion (70–72, 74, 77).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Several studies reported an improvement of general cognitive functioning in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia after CS sessions of variable length (69–74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Music therapy and behavioral management techniques seem to cause a short-term reduction of BPSD, but long-term efficacy is unclear.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Potential benefits of these interventions have been documented, but the strength of evidence is overall low and the great heterogeneity in terms of type of intervention, follow-up duration, type of outcome measures hamper comparison across studies.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“In particular, there are no conclusive results for validation and reminiscence therapy, the effectiveness of light therapy is not clear, aromatherapy is better than no treatment.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“The small body of evidence for other sensory interventions, such as massage and touch therapy, suggests they could be viable treatment options, especially given the ease of implementation and minimal training involved.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“No effect has been documented for acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Some reports indicate the NPT to BPSD to be potentially cost-effective (70, 99, 106), but further research is needed on this point.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Actually, some systematic reviews demonstrated that multicomponent interventions were more effective than single activities in improving general well-being of both persons with dementia and their caregivers (70, 175), and in hospitalized older adults with cognitive impairment (176, 177).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
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HEALTH-RELATED QOL AND LIFESTYLES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN ELDERLY PEOPLE
Takada, A., Park, P., Shigemune, Y., & Tsukiura, T. (2014) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2014.177 · Cited by 7
“There is also substantial evidence that scores of HQOL reflecting subjective impressions of health conditions are decreased by age-related decline in physical and cognitive functions (Hoe, Katona, Orrell, & Livingston, 2007; Logsdon, Gibbons, McCurry, & Teri, 2002; Olazarán et al., 2010; Ready & Ott, 2003; Trigg, Watt…”
BackgroundAspects of mental health care provision of the elderly in Switzerland
Bährer‐Kohler, S., & Hemmeter, U. (2013) · Geriatric Mental Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.gmhc.2012.11.002 · Cited by 6
Peng, J., Chengye, H., & Hui, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1457982 · Cited by 5
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“Indeed, the topics included in our guide were chosen in order to encompass a variety of domains possibly impacted by non-pharmacological interventions (Olazarán et al., 2010).”
BackgroundKooijmans, E. C. M., Hoogendijk, E. O., Pokladníková, J., Smalbil, L., Szczerbińska, K. E., Barańska, I., Ziuziakowska, A., Fialová, D., Onder, G., Declercq, A., et al. (2023) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-023-00868-w · Cited by 5
“This may be due to multiple reasons, such as the lack of a common definition for NPIs, as well as methodological problems such as lack of a clear definition of interventions and how they are administered, and the lack of a theoretical model to explain the working mechanism of NPIs [13, 14].”
Reeducación psicomotriz en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer
Ferrer, B.-C. S., Collado, A. O., & Àvila-Castells, P. (2013) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872013000600007 · Cited by 5
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Psychologische Therapie bei fortgeschrittener Demenz
Woods, B. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54723-2_15 · Cited by 5
Arroyo-Anlló, E. M., Díaz-Marta, J. P., & Sánchez, J. C. (2012) · Pensamiento Psicológico · Cited by 5
Weidekamp-Maicher, M. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-012-0341-3 · Cited by 5
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The intervention of the physiotherapist in the patient with dementia in palliative care
Escarigo, F., Gameiro, A., & Sapeta, P. (2017) · Millenium - Journal of Education Technologies and Health · doi:10.29352/mill0202.04.00129 · Cited by 5
Environment as non pharmacological intervention in the care of Alzheimer’s disease
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“Although some are used with the goal of maintaining cognitive function or helping the brain compensate for impairments (Olazarán et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSport, Theology, and Dementia: Reflections on the Sporting Memories Network, UK
Watson, N. J., Parker, A., & Swain, S. (2018) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2017.1393625 · Cited by 5
“This goal is achieved primarily through engagement in enjoyable, creative, and mutually stimulating activities that have been shown to have emotional, physical, and spiritual benefits (Gitlin, Kales, & Lyketsos, 2012; Olazaran et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSaha, S., Gerdtham, U., Toresson, H., Minthon, L., & Jarl, J. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 5
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““NPI participation” was defined as participating on average in NPI more than once a week and for more than 30 minutes per session.([21,23]) Group NPI as a care practice wasmainly conducted byOT, physical therapist (PT), Ns or care worker.”
BackgroundTuomikoski, A., Parisod, H., Lotvonen, S., & Välimäki, T. H. (2022) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00199 · Cited by 6
A Review of Psychological Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease
Cobos, F. J. M., & Montoya-Rodríguez, M. M. (2012) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 5
Therapeutic Exercise Strategies in Patients with Dementia
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“그러나, 최근 연구들에서 인지재활, 행동 심리 치료, 일상생활동 작훈련, 운동치료 등 비약물적 치료 후 인지기능의 호전을 보고하 였고[3], 특히 유산소 운동은[4, 5] 치매 환자나 인지기능 감퇴가 없”
Effect of Ghrelin on Memory Impairment in a Rat Model of Vascular Dementia
Park, J.-M., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.2019.49.3.317 · Cited by 5
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“…muestran como una práctica basada en mindfulness, en la que no se estimulan explícitamente las capacidades cognitivas, produce un beneficio global más significativo que el programa de estimulación cognitiva, que es el prototipo de intervención no farmacológica en la EA (Olazarán et al., 2010).”
BackgroundNew psychosocial interventions are needed in early dementia
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“Previous research has established that relevant and robust psychosocial interventions can be as effective as pharmacological treatment and impose less risk to the health of these individuals (Olazaran et al., 2010).”
BackgroundNavigating the Intersection of Aging and Disability
Sen, A., & Nagaram, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_375-1 · Cited by 5
Hockemeyer, N. G., Johns, S. A., Judge, K. S., Baucco, C., Gowan, T., Slaven, J. E., & Fowler, N. R. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2453823 · Cited by 4
“Meta-analyses and systematic reviews have highlighted the variability in intervention designs and measured outcomes, indicating a potential misalignment (Cooper, Balamurali, Selwood, et al. 2007; Olazarán et al. 2010; Selwood et al. 2007).”
Ma, C., & Wu, C. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.106000 · Cited by 3
Li, W., Gao, W., & Lin, X. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15121610 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Olazarán, J., Reisberg, B., Clare, L., Cruz, I., Peña-Casanova, J., del Ser, T., Woods, B., Beck, C., Auer, S., Lai, C., Spector, A., Fazio, S., Bond, J., Kivipelto, M., Brodaty, H., Rojo, J. M., Collins, H., Teri, L., Mittelman, M., Orrell, M., Feldman, H. H., & Muñiz, R.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Bangor University (GB)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- MAS Alzheimerhilfe (AT)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- University College London (GB)
- Alzheimer's Association (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Cochrane (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-178
- ISSN
- 1420-8008 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9824
- OpenAlex
- W2116861306
- Cited by
- 937
- References
- 229
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 7.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, non-pharmacological treatment, dementia, quality of life, caregivers, cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, multicomponent intervention, activities of daily living, mood, restraint prevention, caregiver education, treatment guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Complementary Therapies, Alzheimer Disease, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Institutionalization, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Caregivers, Disease Progression, Evidence-Based Medicine, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Learning Curve
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