The DOI matches its Crossref record; 228 of the 229 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nonpharmacological Therapies in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Efficacy
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmacological therapies (NPTs) can improve the quality of life (QoL) of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their carers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the best evidence on the effects of NPTs in AD and related disorders (ADRD) by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the entire field. METHODS: Existing reviews and major electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The deadline for study inclusion was September 15, 2008. Intervention categories and outcome domains were predefined by consensus. Two researchers working together detected 1,313 candidate studies of which 179 RCTs belonging to 26 intervention categories were selected. Cognitive deterioration had to be documented in all participants, and degenerative etiology (indicating dementia) had to be present or presumed in at least 80% of the subjects. Evidence tables, meta-analysis and summaries of results were elaborated by the first author and reviewed by author subgroups. Methods for rating level of evidence and grading practice recommendations were adapted from the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS: Grade A treatment recommendation was achieved for institutionalization delay (multicomponent interventions for the caregiver, CG). Grade B recommendation was reached for the person with dementia (PWD) for: improvement in cognition (cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the PWD); activities of daily living (ADL) (ADL training, multicomponent interventions for the PWD); behavior (cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the PWD, behavioral interventions, professional CG training); mood (multicomponent interventions for the PWD); QoL (multicomponent interventions for PWD and CG) and restraint prevention (professional CG training); for the CG, grade B was also reached for: CG mood (CG education, CG support, multicomponent interventions for the CG); CG psychological well-being (cognitive stimulation, multicomponent interventions for the CG); CG QoL (multicomponent interventions for PWD and CG). CONCLUSION: NPTs emerge as a useful, versatile and potentially cost-effective approach to improve outcomes and QoL in ADRD for both the PWD and CG.
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“Indeed, research shows a positive correlation between increased physical activity, cognitive training, improved nutrition, and slowing cognitive and functional decline and intensity of BPSD.”
From Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
In the citing paper
“Only multicomponent interventions have been shown to be effective in preventing institutionalisation.11,12”
In the citing paper
“However, preliminary results indicate that CS may improve QoL and well-being of caregivers of people with AD and dementia (69, 70, 74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Most RCTs showed no effect of CT on other outcomes, but their low quality impede any solid conclusion (70–72, 74, 77).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Several studies reported an improvement of general cognitive functioning in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia after CS sessions of variable length (69–74).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Music therapy and behavioral management techniques seem to cause a short-term reduction of BPSD, but long-term efficacy is unclear.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Potential benefits of these interventions have been documented, but the strength of evidence is overall low and the great heterogeneity in terms of type of intervention, follow-up duration, type of outcome measures hamper comparison across studies.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“In particular, there are no conclusive results for validation and reminiscence therapy, the effectiveness of light therapy is not clear, aromatherapy is better than no treatment.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“The small body of evidence for other sensory interventions, such as massage and touch therapy, suggests they could be viable treatment options, especially given the ease of implementation and minimal training involved.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“No effect has been documented for acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Some reports indicate the NPT to BPSD to be potentially cost-effective (70, 99, 106), but further research is needed on this point.”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Actually, some systematic reviews demonstrated that multicomponent interventions were more effective than single activities in improving general well-being of both persons with dementia and their caregivers (70, 175), and in hospitalized older adults with cognitive impairment (176, 177).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
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介護老人保健施設利用者に対する脳活性化リハ 5原則に基づいた 回想法実施充実度と効果の関係 〜効果的なグループ回想法を実施するために〜
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»Man kennt nur die Dinge, die man zähmt«
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„Hogyan tovább, demensgondozás?” : Kihívások és lehetőségek a demenciával élők szociális ellátásában
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Mapping the Impact: A Comprehensive Review of Art-Based Interventions for Dementia (2000-2022)
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Chapter 21. Aging and End-of-Life Care
Scalmati, A., Lipshie-Williams, M., & Kennedy, G. J. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg21
Chapter 20. Health and the Workplace
Hunter, B. W., & Hunter, K. G. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg20
Chapter 5. Successful Approaches to Increasing Value
Petit, J. R., Graham, M., & Semidey, A. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg05
Chapter 2. Evolution of Funding and Quality Control in Health Care
Sastry, D. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg02
Chapter 12. Psychiatric Workforce Development
Runnels, P. S. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg12
Chapter 16. Psychiatric Leadership
Sowers, W. E. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg16
Chapter 18. Impact of Climate Change
Haase, E. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg18
Chapter 1. Defining and Measuring Value
Fage, B., Sapra, M., & Balfour, M. E. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg01
Chapter 22. A Value Vision for Health Care Reform
Sowers, W. E. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg22
Chapter 7. Integration of Services
Sapra, M., & Alvarado, G. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg07
Chapter 9. Peer and Recovery Support Services
Myrick, K. J., & Daniels, A. S. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg09
Chapter 17. Addiction Treatment and Harm Reduction
Sullivan, M. A., Marzani-Nissen, G., Lewis, C. E., Williams, A. R., LEVIN, F. R., Labins, Z., Patkar, A. A., & Aoun, E. G. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg17
Chapter 6. Innovative Financing: Incentivizing Value
Shoyinka, S. O. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg06
Chapter 11. An Expanded Role for Psychiatry
Wong, D., & Sowers, W. E. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg11
Sastry, D., Lluberes, N., & Bell, C. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg15
Chapter 8. Prevention and Health Promotion
Chien, P. L. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg08
Chapter 10. Applications of Technology
Saeed, S. A., Lluberes, N., & Buwalda, V. J. A. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg10
Chapter 13. Pharmaceutical Management and Prescribing
Stern, D. A., Mitchell, B. G., & Asghar‐Ali, A. A. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg13
Sowers, W. E., Janopaul-Naylor, E., & Battaglia, J. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg14
Chapter 3. The Current System: The Mess We Are In
Sowers, W. E. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182591.lg03
Tomagová, M., Bóriková, I., & Miertová, M. (2013) · Journal of Nursing Social Studies Public Health and Rehabilitation · doi:10.32725/jnss.2013.008
“Bottino et al. (2005), Rozziny et al. (2007), Fang et al. (2009) and Olazarán et al. (2010)) emphasizes the stabilization of cognitive and functional performance in patients with mild stage of dementia of Alzheimer type due to cognitive rehabilitation in combination with pharmacotherapy of dementia.”
BackgroundHuang, D., Sun, Y., Huang, H., Zhu, X., Liao, L., & Liu, H. (2024) · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2024.103156
RetractedKazanski, M. E., Dharanendra, S., Rosenberg, M. C., Chen, D., Brown, E. R., Emmery, L., McKay, J. L., Kesar, T. M., & Hackney, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241294090
Barrott, N., Moghaddam, N. G., Boos, D. D., & Smith, A. (2025) · FPOP Bulletin Psychology of Older People · doi:10.53841/bpsfpop.2025.1.170.6
Fishpool, K., Young, G. B., Ciurtin, C., Cramp, F. L., Erhieyovwe, E. O., Farisoğulları, B., Jones, B. E., Macfarlane, G. J., Machado, P., Pearson, J., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.25332314
“Non-pharmacological interventions are any non-chemical or biological interventions that are theoretically based and empirically proven, or that have a logical rationale which is possible to prove by empirical study (11,16).”
Yang, M., & Chodosh, J. (2025) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.70073
Dementia Seen from The Lens of An Educational Therapist
Wong, C. L. (2024) · The Asian Educational Therapist · doi:10.64663/aet.34
Informal Caregiver Outcomes in Home-Based Dyadic Dementia Interventions: A Scoping Review
Meller, A. H., Siepker, K. L., Fields, N. L., Fantus, S., & Jang, S. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2025.2576705
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Terapia para la enfermedad de Alzheimer basada en el ejercicio físico
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Metadata
- Authors
- Olazarán, J., Reisberg, B., Clare, L., Cruz, I., Peña-Casanova, J., del Ser, T., Woods, B., Beck, C., Auer, S., Lai, C., Spector, A., Fazio, S., Bond, J., Kivipelto, M., Brodaty, H., Rojo, J. M., Collins, H., Teri, L., Mittelman, M., Orrell, M., Feldman, H. H., & Muñiz, R.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Bangor University (GB)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- MAS Alzheimerhilfe (AT)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- University College London (GB)
- Alzheimer's Association (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Cochrane (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-178
- ISSN
- 1420-8008 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9824
- OpenAlex
- W2116861306
- Cited by
- 937
- References
- 229
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 7.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, non-pharmacological treatment, dementia, quality of life, caregivers, cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, multicomponent intervention, activities of daily living, mood, restraint prevention, caregiver education, treatment guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Complementary Therapies, Alzheimer Disease, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Institutionalization, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Caregivers, Disease Progression, Evidence-Based Medicine, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Learning Curve
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