Cited by 470Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesSexual Differentiation and DisordersReproductive Biology and Fertility

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Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Infancy: Minipuberty

Kuiri-Hänninen, Tanja, Sankilampi, Ulla, Dunkel, Leo·2014·Hormone Research in Paediatrics

DOI 10.1159/000362414

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Abstract

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is active in the midgestational foetus but silenced towards term because of the negative feedback effects mediated by the placental hormones. This restraint is removed at birth, leading to reactivation of the axis and an increase in gonadotrophin levels. Gonadotrophin levels are high during the first 3 months of life but decrease towards the age of 6 months except for FSH levels in girls that remain elevated until 3-4 years of age. After this, the HPG axis remains quiescent until puberty. The postnatal gonadotrophin surge results in gonadal activation in both sexes. In boys, testosterone levels rise to a peak at 1-3 months of age and then decline following LH levels. Postnatal HPG axis activation is associated with penile and testicular growth and therefore considered important for the development of male genitalia. In girls, elevated gonadotrophin levels result in the maturation of ovarian follicles and in an increase in oestradiol levels. Biological significance and possible long-term consequences of this minipuberty remain elusive, as do the mechanisms that silence the HPG axis until puberty. However, the first months of life provide a 'window of opportunity' for functional studies of the HPG axis prior to pubertal development.

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Authors: Kuiri-Hänninen, T., Sankilampi, U., & Dunkel, L.
Affiliations: University of Eastern Finland (FI)
Queen Mary University of London (GB)
ORCID: Sankilampi, Ulla
Dunkel, Leo
Venue: Hormone Research in Paediatrics
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2014
Volume: 82
Issue: 2
Pages: 73-80
ISSN: 1663-2818 (ISSN-L)
1663-2826
DOI: 10.1159/000362414
OpenAlex: W2096395933
Cited by: 470
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 4.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: Hormone Research in Paediatrics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
Keywords: hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, minipuberty, infancy, gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, estradiol, placental hormones, negative feedback, male genital development, ovarian follicle maturation, puberty
MeSH terms: Child Development, Estradiol, Female, Genitalia, Male, Gonadotropins, Ovarian Follicle, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Newborn, Male, Testosterone

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Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Infancy: Minipuberty

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