The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Infancy: Minipuberty
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is active in the midgestational foetus but silenced towards term because of the negative feedback effects mediated by the placental hormones. This restraint is removed at birth, leading to reactivation of the axis and an increase in gonadotrophin levels. Gonadotrophin levels are high during the first 3 months of life but decrease towards the age of 6 months except for FSH levels in girls that remain elevated until 3-4 years of age. After this, the HPG axis remains quiescent until puberty. The postnatal gonadotrophin surge results in gonadal activation in both sexes. In boys, testosterone levels rise to a peak at 1-3 months of age and then decline following LH levels. Postnatal HPG axis activation is associated with penile and testicular growth and therefore considered important for the development of male genitalia. In girls, elevated gonadotrophin levels result in the maturation of ovarian follicles and in an increase in oestradiol levels. Biological significance and possible long-term consequences of this minipuberty remain elusive, as do the mechanisms that silence the HPG axis until puberty. However, the first months of life provide a 'window of opportunity' for functional studies of the HPG axis prior to pubertal development.
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“These concentrations then gradually decrease towards age 6 months, with the exception of FSH concentration in girls, which remains raised until age 3–4 years.”
From Pubertal development and regulation (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“This restraint is removed at birth, leading to reactivation of the axis and an increase in gonadotropin concentrations.2”
From Pubertal development and regulation (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“In boys, testosterone concentration rises to a peak at age 1–3 months, but then falls in conjunction with the falling LH concentration.2”
From Pubertal development and regulation (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“In human beings, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is active in the mid-gestational fetus, but silenced towards the end of gestation.”
From Pubertal development and regulation (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kuiri-Hänninen, T., Sankilampi, U., & Dunkel, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Hormone Research in Paediatrics
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 73-80
- ISSN
- 1663-2818 (ISSN-L)
- 1663-2826
- OpenAlex
- W2096395933
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormone Research in Paediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, minipuberty, infancy, gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, estradiol, placental hormones, negative feedback, male genital development, ovarian follicle maturation, puberty
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Estradiol, Female, Genitalia, Male, Gonadotropins, Ovarian Follicle, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Newborn, Male, Testosterone
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