Relations of body habitus, fitness level, and cardiovascular risk factors including lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in a rural and urban Costa Rican population.
Open accessAbstract
Increased general and abdominal obesity has been independently associated with diabetes, increased risk of stroke, and coronary artery disease (CAD). It is more prevalent in developed countries and in urban areas of nonindustrialized nations than in less developed and rural areas. To evaluate the associations between general and abdominal obesity (as determined by total body fat, waist to hip ratio, umbilical to triceps ratio, and umbilical to subscapular ratio) with glucose, plasma lipoproteins, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and B concentrations, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size (LDL 1-7), we randomly selected 222 men and 243 women from rural and urban areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the waist to hip ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher triglyceride levels (p less than 0.01) and with lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p less than 0.05) in men and women and with higher glucose levels (p less than 0.05) and smaller LDL particle size (p less than 0.01) in women. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the umbilical to subscapular ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher total cholesterol (p less than 0.005) and apo B (p less than 0.01) levels. Umbilical to triceps ratio was positively associated with blood pressure in men. Urban men had increased general and abdominal obesity (p less than 0.0001), number of cigarettes smoked per day (p less than 0.0001), and diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05) and had a decreased fitness level (p less than 0.0001) as well as higher (p less than 0.05) plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol concentrations and lower (p less than 0.05) apo A-I and HDL cholesterol levels compared with rural men. The differences between rural and urban women were not as striking. Urban women had increased general and abdominal obesity, glucose, and apo B levels (p less than 0.05) and a decreased fitness level (p less than 0.0001). Our data indicate that general and abdominal obesity, increased cigarette smoking, diastolic blood pressure, and decreased fitness level are more prevalent in an urban than in a rural area in Costa Rica, particularly in men. The higher prevalence of such risk factors in the urban area is associated with a more atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile.
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Relatively few studies were available for some lipid compartments, such as adipose and cholesterol esters, limiting inference for these specific compartments.
“Relatively few studies19,22,32,35 were available for some lipid compartments (eg, adipose, cholesterol esters), limiting inference for these specific compartments.”
From ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: Pooling Project of 19 Cohort Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Most studies used centralized adjudication processes or registry linkage rather than self-report alone in ascertaining events, reducing information bias.
“Most studies18–25,27–35 used centralized adjudication processes or registry linkage rather than self-report alone in ascertaining events, reducing information bias.”
From ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: Pooling Project of 19 Cohort Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Campos, H., Bailey, S. M., Gussak, L. S., Siles, X., Ordovas, J. M., & Schaefer, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111.
- ORCID
- Schaefer, E J
- Venue
- Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology
- Published
- 1991-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1077-1088
- ISSN
- 1049-8834 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101320446
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2022: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- abdominal obesity, general obesity, body build, waist-to-hip ratio, cardiovascular risk factors, lipoproteins, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, LDL particle size, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, physical fitness, cigarette smoking, blood pressure, urban-rural differences, sex differences, Costa Rica, Puriscal, diabetes risk, coronary artery disease
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Apolipoproteins, Arteriosclerosis, Blood Glucose, Coronary Disease, Costa Rica, Female, Humans, Lipoproteins, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Fitness, Random Allocation, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Smoking, Triglycerides, Urban Population, Body Mass Index
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