Independent Causal Effect of Remnant Cholesterol on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Observational studies suggested that residual risk of cardiovascular events after LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol lowering may be linked to remnant cholesterol (RC). We conducted a large-scale Mendelian randomization study to investigate the causal role of RC to predict coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke risk. Methods: We extracted single-nucleotide polymorphisms for RC and LDL from large-scale genome-wide association databases. We estimated the genetic association with outcomes from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium (Coronary Artery Disease Genome-Wide Replication and Meta-Analysis Plus the Coronary Artery Disease Genetics), the Metastroke consortium, as well as the GLGC (Global Lipids Genetics Consortium). Genetic variants were used as instruments, thereby minimizing residual confounding and reverse causation biases of observational studies. Results: By leveraging data from a combined sample of 958 434 participants, we found evidence for a significant causal effect of RC on the risk of CAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.51 per SD unit increase in RC [95% CI, 1.42–1.60]; P =5.3×10 -5 ), MI (OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.21–2.05]; P =9.5×10 -4 ), and stroke (OR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.12–1.35]; P =3.72×10 -6 ). There was no evidence of pleiotropy. The effect of RC on CAD and MI remained consistent after accounting for the effects of RC-associated genetic variants on LDL cholesterol: OR, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.37–1.61) for CAD and OR, 1.80 (95% CI, 1.70–19.1) for MI without a meaningful indirect effect exerted on these outcomes via the LDL cholesterol mediator. Conclusions: This large-scale Mendelian randomization study showed a robust genetic causal association between RC and cardiovascular outcomes. The effect on CAD and MI is independent of LDL cholesterol. Early screening for RC along with long-term inhibition of RC should be the focus of future therapeutic interventions.
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Mendelian randomization analyses confirm a causal relationship between lifelong TRL elevation and ASCVD.
“Observational cohorts demonstrate that higher TG and remnant cholesterol predict cardiovascular events independently of LDL-C, while Mendelian randomization analyses confirm a causal relationship between lifelong TRL elevation and ASCVD.”
From Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [57]
The Discussion reports strong Mendelian-randomization evidence that higher remnant cholesterol is causally associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. The study examines genetically proxied remnant cholesterol, not lifelong elevation of all triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; it also says the stroke association was attenuated in mediation analysis. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh levels of RC are closely related to cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and hypertension.
“Studies have shown that high levels of RC are closely related to CVDs such as ischemic heart disease (IHD) (10, 11), peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (12, 13), and hypertension (14, 15).”
From Remnant cholesterol, lipid ratios, and the severity of coronary artery lesions: a retrospective cohort study in patients with coronary heart disease (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Navarese, E. P., Vine, D., Proctor, S., Grzelakowska, K., Berti, S., Kubica, J., & Raggi, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Nicolaus Copernicus University (PL)
- Cardiology Unit, Ospedale del Cuore, Fondazione Toscana “G. Monasterio,” Massa, Italy (S.B.).
- Venue
- Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e373-e380
- ISSN
- 1079-5642 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4636
- OpenAlex
- W4384120001
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 28.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Keywords
- remnant cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, residual cardiovascular risk, genetic causal effect, single nucleotide polymorphisms, pleiotropy
- MeSH terms
- Coronary Artery Disease, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Myocardial Infarction, Risk Factors, Stroke, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Mendelian Randomization Analysis
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