Socioeconomic Inequality and Peripheral Artery Disease Prevalence in US Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background—: Lower socioeconomic status is associated with cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine whether there is a higher prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in individuals with lower socioeconomic status. Methods and Results—: We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2004. PAD was defined based on an ankle–brachial index ≤0.90. Measures of socioeconomic status included poverty–income ratio, a ratio of self-reported income relative to the poverty line, and attained education level. Of 6791 eligible participants, overall weighted prevalence of PAD was 5.8% (SE, 0.3). PAD prevalence was significantly higher in individuals with low income and lower education. Individuals in the lowest of the 6 poverty–income ratio categories had more than a 2-fold increased odds of PAD compared with those in the highest poverty–income ratio category (odds ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.80–4.03; P <0.0001). This association remained significant even after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.6; P =0.034). Lower attained education level also associated with higher PAD prevalence (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.96–4.0; P <0.0001) but was no longer significant after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions—: Low income and lower attained education level are associated with PAD in US adults. These data suggest that individuals of lower socioeconomic status remain at high risk and highlight the need for education and advocacy efforts focused on these at-risk populations.
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Both low household income and low education level have been associated with the development of PAD in US adults.
“Both low household income and low education level have been associated with the development of PAD in US adults.43”
From Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease (2021) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results and Discussion report higher PAD prevalence among US adults with lower income and lower education. But the Discussion says the data are cross-sectional and that prospective studies of incident PAD are needed, so the paper does not establish an association with PAD development. The education association also ceased to be significant after full adjustment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Pande, R. L., & Creager, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 532-539
- ISSN
- 1941-7705 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-7713
- PMC
- PMC4219271
- OpenAlex
- W2101872043
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 5.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K12HL083786)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Peripheral Artery Disease Management
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Keywords
- peripheral arterial disease, socioeconomic status, socioeconomic disparities, poverty income ratio, low income, educational attainment, ankle-brachial index, cardiovascular risk, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Poverty, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Prevalence, Self Report, Peripheral Arterial Disease
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