Association of socioeconomic status with inflammation markers in Black and White men and women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
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Inflammatory processes are implicated in a number of diseases for which there are known socioeconomic status (SES) disparities, including heart disease and diabetes. Growing evidence also suggests SES gradients in levels of peripheral blood markers of inflammation. However, we know little about potential gender and racial/ethnic differences in associations between SES and inflammation, despite the fact that the burden of inflammation-related diseases varies by gender and race. The present study examines SES (education and income) gradients in levels of two inflammatory biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in a biethnic (White and Black) sample of men and women (n=3549, aged 37-55 years) in the USA from the CARDIA Study. Health status, behavioral and psychosocial variables that may underlie SES differences in inflammatory biomarker levels were also examined. Age-adjusted CRP and IL-6 levels were inversely associated with education level in each race/gender group except Black males. Income gradients were also observed in each race/gender group for IL-6 and in White females and males for CRP. In general, differences in CRP and IL-6 levels between low and high SES groups were reduced in magnitude and significance with the addition of health status, behavioral, and psychosocial variables, although the impact of the addition of model covariates varied across race/gender groups and different SES-inflammation models. Overall, findings indicate SES gradients in levels of inflammation burden in middle-aged White and Black males and females.
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Lower socioeconomic status in adulthood is related to increased levels of CRP and IL-6.
“lower socioeconomic status in adulthood has been found to be related to increased levels of CRP and IL-6”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Gruenewald, Cohen, Matthews, Tracy, & Seeman, 2009
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- Authors
- Gruenewald, T. L., Cohen, S., Matthews, K. A., Tracy, R., & Seeman, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gruenewald, Tara L.
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 451-459
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2747365
- OpenAlex
- W2021094789
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc95095-66-0-1, n01hc48050-59-0-1, n01hc48048-58-0-1, n01hc48047-55-0-1, n01hc48049-61-0-1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01HC48050, N01 HC 95095, N01 HC048048, N01-HC-048049, N01 HC095095, N01 HC048050, N01-HC48048, N01-HC-48-049, N01 HC048047, N01-HC-480-47)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, inflammation, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, racial disparities, gender differences, income, Black people, White adults, middle-aged adults, psychosocial factors, health status, CARDIA study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, C-Reactive Protein, Coronary Artery Disease, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Social Class, United States, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Multivariate Analysis, Risk Assessment, White People, Health Status Disparities, Young Adult
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