Cited by 1,952Acute Ischemic Stroke ManagementCardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsCerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases

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Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention

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Boehme, Amelia K., Esenwa, Charles, Elkind, Mitchell S.V.·2017·Circulation Research

DOI 10.1161/circresaha.116.308398PMC PMC5321635

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Abstract

Stroke is a heterogeneous syndrome, and determining risk factors and treatment depends on the specific pathogenesis of stroke. Risk factors for stroke can be categorized as modifiable and nonmodifiable. Age, sex, and race/ethnicity are nonmodifiable risk factors for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, while hypertension, smoking, diet, and physical inactivity are among some of the more commonly reported modifiable risk factors. More recently described risk factors and triggers of stroke include inflammatory disorders, infection, pollution, and cardiac atrial disorders independent of atrial fibrillation. Single-gene disorders may cause rare, hereditary disorders for which stroke is a primary manifestation. Recent research also suggests that common and rare genetic polymorphisms can influence risk of more common causes of stroke, due to both other risk factors and specific stroke mechanisms, such as atrial fibrillation. Genetic factors, particularly those with environmental interactions, may be more modifiable than previously recognized. Stroke prevention has generally focused on modifiable risk factors. Lifestyle and behavioral modification, such as dietary changes or smoking cessation, not only reduces stroke risk, but also reduces the risk of other cardiovascular diseases. Other prevention strategies include identifying and treating medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, that increase stroke risk. Recent research into risk factors and genetics of stroke has not only identified those at risk for stroke but also identified ways to target at-risk populations for stroke prevention.

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2 retracted

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Retracted
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Associations between migraine and major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Authors: Boehme, A. K., Esenwa, C., & Elkind, M. S. V.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Boehme, Amelia K.
Esenwa, Charles
Elkind, Mitchell S.V.
Venue: Circulation Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2017-02-03
Volume: 120
Issue: 3
Pages: 472-495
ISSN: 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
1524-4571
DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308398
PMC: PMC5321635
OpenAlex: W2585605401
Cited by: 1,952
References: 315
Citations by year: 2026: 182 · 2025: 323 · 2024: 322 · 2023: 287 · 2022: 292 · 2021: 245 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19
FWCI: 10.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32NS007153)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
Keywords: stroke, stroke risk factors, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity, diet, genetic polymorphism, atrial fibrillation, genetic susceptibility, environmental interaction, stroke prevention, lifestyle modification, smoking cessation, antihypertensive therapy, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, infection, pollution, cardiac arrhythmias
MeSH terms: Brain Ischemia, Clinical Trials as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Humans, Hypertension, Life Style, Risk Factors, Smoking, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Stroke

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