The DOI matches its Crossref record; 310 of the 315 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention
Open accessAbstract
Stroke is a heterogeneous syndrome, and determining risk factors and treatment depends on the specific pathogenesis of stroke. Risk factors for stroke can be categorized as modifiable and nonmodifiable. Age, sex, and race/ethnicity are nonmodifiable risk factors for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, while hypertension, smoking, diet, and physical inactivity are among some of the more commonly reported modifiable risk factors. More recently described risk factors and triggers of stroke include inflammatory disorders, infection, pollution, and cardiac atrial disorders independent of atrial fibrillation. Single-gene disorders may cause rare, hereditary disorders for which stroke is a primary manifestation. Recent research also suggests that common and rare genetic polymorphisms can influence risk of more common causes of stroke, due to both other risk factors and specific stroke mechanisms, such as atrial fibrillation. Genetic factors, particularly those with environmental interactions, may be more modifiable than previously recognized. Stroke prevention has generally focused on modifiable risk factors. Lifestyle and behavioral modification, such as dietary changes or smoking cessation, not only reduces stroke risk, but also reduces the risk of other cardiovascular diseases. Other prevention strategies include identifying and treating medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, that increase stroke risk. Recent research into risk factors and genetics of stroke has not only identified those at risk for stroke but also identified ways to target at-risk populations for stroke prevention.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Physical inactivity, or sedentary behavior, is a significant global risk factor for mortality associated with numerous adverse health outcomes including stroke [2].”
From Patient-Perceived Factors Influencing Physical Activity Sensor Use in Stroke Prevention and Rehabilitation: Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies Using Thematic Synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hypertension, for example, the most significant modifiable risk factor for stroke, can be effectively managed through both medical and lifestyle interventions, including pharmacotherapy, PA, dietary changes, and weight management.”
From Patient-Perceived Factors Influencing Physical Activity Sensor Use in Stroke Prevention and Rehabilitation: Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies Using Thematic Synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
RETRACTED: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1200303 · Cited by 4,257
RetractedEstruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1806491 · Cited by 1,008
RetractedChobanian, A. V. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 · Cited by 25,386
Adams, H. P., Bendixen, B. H., Kappelle, L. J., Biller, J., Love, B. B., Gordon, D., & Marsh, E. E. (1993) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.24.1.35 · Cited by 12,350
Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zheng, M., Li, Y., Li, J., Zhang, L., Shang, X., & Yan, C. (2014) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000369778 · Cited by 11,609
Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation
Connolly, S. J., Ezekowitz, M. D., Yusuf, S., Eikelboom, J., Oldgren, J., Parekh, A., Pogue, J., Reilly, P. A., Themeles, E., Varrone, J., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0905561 · Cited by 11,215
Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Patel, M. R., Mahaffey, K. W., Garg, J., Pan, G., Singer, D. E., Hacke, W., Breithardt, G., Halperin, J. L., Hankey, G. J., Piccini, J. P., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1009638 · Cited by 9,430
Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation
Granger, C. B., Alexander, J. H., McMurray, J. J. V., Lopes, R. D., Hylek, E. M., Hanna, M., Al-Khalidi, H. R., Ansell, J., Atar, D., Avezum, A., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107039 · Cited by 8,943
Beneficial Effect of Carotid Endarterectomy in Symptomatic Patients with High-Grade Carotid Stenosis
(1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199108153250701 · Cited by 8,368
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Katan, M., & Luft, A. (2018) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649503 · Cited by 2,137
2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.
Marx, N., Federici, M., Schütt, K., Müller-Wieland, D., Ajjan, R. A., Antunes, M. J., Christodorescu, R. M., Crawford, C., Di Angelantonio, E., Eliasson, B., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad192 · Cited by 1,642
Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke: present status and future perspectives
Kuriakose, D., & Xiao, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21207609 · Cited by 1,350
Merkler, A. E., Parikh, N. S., Mir, S., Gupta, A., Kamel, H., Lin, E., Lantos, J., Schenck, E. J., Goyal, P., Bruce, S. S., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2730 · Cited by 940
Paul, S., & Candelario‐Jalil, E. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113518 · Cited by 780
Metadata
- Authors
- Boehme, A. K., Esenwa, C., & Elkind, M. S. V.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 2017-02-03
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 472-495
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- PMC
- PMC5321635
- OpenAlex
- W2585605401
- Cited by
- 1,952
- References
- 315
- Citations by year
- 2026: 182 · 2025: 323 · 2024: 322 · 2023: 287 · 2022: 292 · 2021: 245 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19
- FWCI
- 10.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32NS007153)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
- Keywords
- stroke, stroke risk factors, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity, diet, genetic polymorphism, atrial fibrillation, genetic susceptibility, environmental interaction, stroke prevention, lifestyle modification, smoking cessation, antihypertensive therapy, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, infection, pollution, cardiac arrhythmias
- MeSH terms
- Brain Ischemia, Clinical Trials as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Humans, Hypertension, Life Style, Risk Factors, Smoking, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
