The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Abdominal Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Compartments: Association With Metabolic Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study
Abstract
Background— Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compartments may confer increased metabolic risk. The incremental utility of measuring both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) in association with metabolic risk factors and underlying heritability has not been well described in a population-based setting. Methods and Results— Participants (n=3001) were drawn from the Framingham Heart Study (48% women; mean age, 50 years), were free of clinical cardiovascular disease, and underwent multidetector computed tomography assessment of SAT and VAT volumes between 2002 and 2005. Metabolic risk factors were examined in relation to increments of SAT and VAT after multivariable adjustment. Heritability was calculated using variance-components analysis. Among both women and men, SAT and VAT were significantly associated with blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and with increased odds of hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome ( P range <0.01). In women, relations between VAT and risk factors were consistently stronger than in men. However, VAT was more strongly correlated with most metabolic risk factors than was SAT. For example, among women and men, both SAT and VAT were associated with increased odds of metabolic syndrome. In women, the odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome per 1–standard deviation increase in VAT (OR, 4.7) was stronger than that for SAT (OR, 3.0; P for difference between SAT and VAT <0.0001); similar differences were noted for men (OR for VAT, 4.2; OR for SAT, 2.5). Furthermore, VAT but not SAT contributed significantly to risk factor variation after adjustment for body mass index and waist circumference ( P ≤0.01). Among overweight and obese individuals, the prevalence of hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome increased linearly and significantly across increasing VAT quartiles. Heritability values for SAT and VAT were 57% and 36%, respectively. Conclusions— Although both SAT and VAT are correlated with metabolic risk factors, VAT remains more strongly associated with an adverse metabolic risk profile even after accounting for standard anthropometric indexes. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized role of visceral fat as a unique, pathogenic fat depot. Measurement of VAT may provide a more complete understanding of metabolic risk associated with variation in fat distribution.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Body fat has better predictive validity on the development of the metabolic syndrome192 and cardiovascular disease risk193 than BMI.”
From Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies (2018) · cites this paper as [192]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, ectopic fat depots, such as epicardial and perivascular fat, might exert local pathogenic effects on heart and blood vessels.[7][8][9]”
From Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes by baseline and changes in adiposity measurements: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In addition to the association between triglyceride levels and BMI, the Framingham Heart Study 155 reported strong associations of triglyceride levels with both subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue in men and women (mean age 50 years).”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“Thus, although it is clear that excess adiposity is associated with elevated triglyceride levels, visceral adiposity is a greater contributor than subcutaneous adipose tissue.155,156”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [155]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Visfatin: A Protein Secreted by Visceral Fat That Mimics the Effects of Insulin
Fukuhara, A., Matsuda, M., Nishizawa, M., Segawa, K., Tanaka, M., Kishimoto, K., Matsuki, Y., Murakami, M., Ichisaka, T., Murakami, H., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097243 · Cited by 1,906
RetractedGrundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549 · Cited by 8,720
Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States
Crespo, C. J., & Smit, E. (2003) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781718206601.ch-001 · Cited by 4,382
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2006 Update
Writing Group Members, Thom, T., Haase, N., Rosamond, W. D., Howard, V. J., Rumsfeld, J. S., Manolio, T. A., Zheng, Z., Flegal, K. M., O’Donnell, C. J., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.171600 · Cited by 3,453
Self-citationOverweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994
Flegal, K., Carroll, M., Kuczmarski, R., & Johnson, C. (1998) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800541 · Cited by 3,045
Multipoint Quantitative-Trait Linkage Analysis in General Pedigrees
Almasy, L. A., & Blangero, J. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301844 · Cited by 3,021
Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome
Wajchenberg, B. L. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415 · Cited by 2,961
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 78 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,013
Bourgouin, S., Bège, T., Lalonde, N., Mancini, J., Masson, C., Chaumoître, K., Brunet, C., & Berdah, S. V. (2012) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.03.054 · Cited by 43
Infant diet and subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: The Generation R Study
Durmuş, B., Ay, L., Duijts, L., Moll, H. A., Hokken‐Koelega, A. C. S., Raat, H., Albert Hofman, D., Steegers, E. A. P., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.174 · Cited by 39
Change in Intra-Abdominal Fat Predicts the Risk of Hypertension in Japanese Americans
Sullivan, C. A. W., Kahn, S. E., Fujimoto, W. Y., Hayashi, T., Leonetti, D. L., & Boyko, E. J. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04990 · Cited by 41
“Cross-sectional data in white subjects from the Framingham Heart Study found that both computed tomography (CT) measured visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose volumes are associated with hypertension, with the former depot carrying a greater effect.(8) Some data have suggested that specific fat depots may actual…”
BackgroundZhang, W., Zhong, W. H., Sun, X., Sun, Q., Tan, X., Li, Q., Sun, X., & Zhou, Z. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12646 · Cited by 41
Cooper, J. N., Columbus, M. L., Shields, K. J., Asubonteng, J. O., Meyer, M. L., Sutton‐Tyrrell, K., Goodpaster, B. H., DeLany, J. P., Jakicic, J. M., & Barinas‐Mitchell, E. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.04.012 · Cited by 42
Rashid, S., Sniderman, A. D., Melone, M., Brown, P. E., Otvos, J. D., Mente, A., Schulze, K. M., McQueen, M., Anand, S. S., & Yusuf, S. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314528461 · Cited by 41
Rashad, N. M., El‐Shal, A. S., Amin, A. I., & Soliman, M. H. (2017) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.029 · Cited by 42
Maffetone, P. B., Rivera-Dominguez, I., & Laursen, P. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00190 · Cited by 41
“A significant number of other cardiometabolic risk factors were also shown in up to 30% of normal weight, non-obese male individuals who demonstrated impaired fasting glucose (45).”
BackgroundLemes, Í. R., Turi-Lynch, B. C., Cavero‐Redondo, I., Linares, S. N., & Monteiro, H. L. (2018) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2018.06.007 · Cited by 45
“Although the reduction found in the present study seems small, or not clinically relevant, a small change in visceral adiposity can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases.(47) We believe that a combined intervention, with aerobic and resistance components, would be even more beneficial than any intervention…”
BackgroundLong, M. T., Gurary, E. B., Massaro, J. M., Ma, J., Hoffmann, U., Chung, R. T., Benjamin, E. J., & Loomba, R. S. (2018) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13956 · Cited by 43
Self-citationOsadnik, K., Osadnik, T., Lonnie, M., Lejawa, M., Reguła, R., Fronczek, M., Gawlita, M., Wądołowska, L., Gąsior, M., & Pawlas, N. (2020) · Nutrix Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00532-0 · Cited by 37
Chiu, L. S., Pedley, A., Massaro, J. M., Benjamin, E. J., Mitchell, G. F., McManus, D. D., Aragam, J. R., Vasan, R. S., Cheng, S. C., & Long, M. T. (2020) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.14600 · Cited by 41
Self-citationMouchti, S., Orliacq, J., Reeves, G., & Chen, Z. (2023) · BMC Medical Imaging · doi:10.1186/s12880-023-01063-w · Cited by 38
“Higher levels of adiposity, which can be measured in various ways, are associated with impaired glucose and insulin resistance [2–4], hypertension [2, 4–9], and dyslipidaemia [2, 4, 10], and with increased risks of many different diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) [11–14], diabetes [2, 4], and certain cance…”
BackgroundChow, L. S., Odegaard, A. O., Bosch, T. A., Bantle, A. E., Wang, Q., Hughes, J., Carnethon, M., Ingram, K. H., Durant, N., Lewis, C. E., et al. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3969-5 · Cited by 39
“Compared with subcutaneous fat, accumulation of visceral fat is associated with more adverse metabolic risk factors [26] and higher risk of diabetes [27].”
Kahn, H. S., & Bullard, K. M. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.010 · Cited by 43
Hinton, P. S., LeCheminant, J. D., SMITH, B. K., Rector, R. S., & Donnelly, J. E. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719788 · Cited by 40
Pudrovska, T., Logan, E. S., & Richman, A. D. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.02.007 · Cited by 41
Choi, S.-Y., Kim, D., Oh, B., Kim, M.-K., Park, H. E., Lee, C. H., & Cho, S. (2010) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.052 · Cited by 40
Taniguchi, H., Tanisawa, K., Sun, X., Cao, Z., Oshima, S., Ise, R., Sakamoto, S., & Higuchi, M. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1877 · Cited by 40
“Furthermore, although visceral fat accumulation has been convincingly shown to be an independent predictor of metabolic risk factors (14), the contribution of visceral fat area (VFA) to the serum FGF21 level in humans is poorly understood.”
BackgroundMetformin-based treatment for obesity-related hypertension
He, H., Zhao, Z., Chen, J., Ni, Y., Zhong, J., Yan, Z., Li, Y., Liu, D., Pletcher, M. J., & Zhu, Z. (2012) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328353e249 · Cited by 40
Long, M. T., Pedley, A., Massaro, J. M., Hoffmann, U., & Fox, C. S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157517 · Cited by 40
Self-citationden Hartigh, L. J., Wang, S., Goodspeed, L., Wietecha, T., Houston, B. A., Omer, M., Ogimoto, K., Subramanian, S., Gowda, G. A. N., O’Brien, K. D., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172912 · Cited by 40
Yu, A., Duanmu, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Guo, Z., Yongqiang, Y., Wang, Y., & Cheng, X. (2018) · Korean Journal of Radiology · doi:10.3348/kjr.2018.19.5.923 · Cited by 40
“Meanwhile, a few studies reported a close relationship between abdominal obesity and risk factors for these metabolic diseases (6).”
BackgroundGuo, X., Xu, Y., He, H., Cai, H., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Yan, X., Zhang, M., Zhang, N., Maddela, R. L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2018/2837367 · Cited by 42
“Male-specific effects were extended to SBP measurements in which males demonstrated a 3.7% improvement relative to 1.3% reduction in females.)is result is consistent with previous studies that demonstrate VFA is a better predictor of metabolic risk parameters, such as SBP [16, 17].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCervantes, A., Singh, R. G., Kim, J. U., DeSouza, S. V., & Petrov, M. S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.14740/jocmr3820 · Cited by 40
Altered HDL metabolism in metabolic disorders: insights into the therapeutic potential of HDL
Hui, N., Barter, P. J., Ong, K. L., & Rye, K. (2019) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20190873 · Cited by 40
Gylling, A. T., Eriksen, C. S., Garde, E., Wimmelmann, C. L., Reislev, N. L., Bieler, T., Ziegler, A. K., Andersen, K. W., Bauer, C. H., Dideriksen, K., et al. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110939 · Cited by 40
Koh, H., Hayashi, T., Satō, K., Harita, N., Maeda, I., Nishizawà, Y., Endo, G., Fujimoto, W. Y., Boyko, E. J., & Hikita, Y. (2011) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2010.271 · Cited by 40
Xu, L., Katashima, M., Yasumasu, T., & Li, K. J. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3967/0895-3988.2012.02.003 · Cited by 47
Validating Quantitative Obesity Measurements in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Balentine, C. J., Marshall, C. L., Robinson, C. N., Wilks, J. A., Anaya, D., Albo, D., & Berger, D. H. (2010) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2010.05.048 · Cited by 40
Visceral fat and cardiometabolic future in children and adolescents: a critical update
Marketou, M. E., Buechler, N. S., Fragkiadakis, K., Plevritaki, A., Zervakis, S., Maragkoudakis, S., Tsiavos, A., Simantirakis, E., & KOCHIADAKIS, G. E. (2023) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02709-9 · Cited by 44
Li, Y., & Zeng, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1301543 · Cited by 40
Jia, S., Huo, X., Zuo, X., Zhao, L., Liu, L., Sun, L., & Chen, X. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15959 · Cited by 39
“33 Furthermore, Karlsson et al. employed Mendelian randomization analysis to show that VF is a causal risk factor for hypertension, heart attack/ angina, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.”
Altman, R., de Ybarra, J. N., & Villablanca, A. C. (2014) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4570 · Cited by 41
“Indeed, in our cohort, there was a relatively high prevalence of MetS, a significant CVD risk modifier.(34,38,39) Herein, we characterize the relative prevalence of the clinical variables accounting for MetS in this population.”
Peripheral targets in obesity treatment: a comprehensive update
Chatzigeorgiou, A., Kandaraki, E., Papavassiliou, A. G., & Koutsilieris, M. (2014) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12163 · Cited by 44
“In general, obesity is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in the case of abdominal or central obesity, and is responsible or at least a major risk factor for diseases such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, osteoarthritis, depression and anxiety (10,11).”
BackgroundExcess adiposity and gastrointestinal cancer
Coe, P. O., O'Reilly, D. A., & Renehan, A. G. (2014) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.9623 · Cited by 39
Chen, J.-H., Ouyang, C., Ding, Q., Song, J., Cao, W., & Mao, L. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7064724 · Cited by 43
“VAT is associated with the development of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, whereas subcutaneous adipose tissue is not [21–24].”
BackgroundScheuer, S. H., Færch, K., Philipsen, A., Jørgensen, M. E., Johansen, N. B., Carstensen, B., Witte, D. R., Andersen, I., Lauritzen, T., & Andersen, G. S. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4479 · Cited by 39
Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Activity in Humans
Hou, X., Moser, S., Sarr, M. G., Thompson, G. B., Que, F. G., & Jensen, M. D. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.659 · Cited by 39
Luu, Y. K., Pessin, J. E., Judex, S., Rubin, J. E., & Rubin, C. T. (2009) · IBMS BoneKEy · doi:10.1138/20090371 · Cited by 41
Liu, A. G., Smith, S. R., Fujioka, K., & Greenway, F. L. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20416 · Cited by 39
“7) Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 116 (12) 120 (11) 117 (11)”
BackgroundAdipose tissue infiltration in normal-weight subjects and its impact on metabolic function
Moreno‐Indias, I., Oliva‐Olivera, W., Omiste, A., Castellano‐Castillo, D., Lhamyani, S., Camargo, A., & Tinahones, F. J. (2016) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.002 · Cited by 37
“Traditionally, VAT has been associated with the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease.(13,14) Inflammatory cells such as macrophages are known to be more prevalent in visceral fat compared with subcutaneous fat.”
BackgroundComparison of Different Obesity Indices for Predicting Incident Hypertension
Janghorbani, M., Aminorroaya, A., & Amini, M. (2017) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/s40292-017-0186-3 · Cited by 39
In vivo imaging and quantification of regional adiposity in zebrafish
Minchin, J. E. N., & Rawls, J. F. (2016) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.11.010 · Cited by 39
“In particular, visceral AT (VAT, intraabdominal AT surrounding internal organs) is associated with more adverse risk factors than subcutaneous AT (Despres, 1998; Fox et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe relation between obesity and depressed mood in a multi-ethnic population. The HELIUS study
Gibson-Smith, D., Bot, M., Snijder, M. B., Nicolaou, M., Derks, E. M., Stronks, K., Brouwer, I. A., Visser, M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1512-3 · Cited by 39
Ueda, Y., Shiga, Y., Idemoto, Y., Tashiro, K., Motozato, K., Koyoshi, R., Kuwano, T., Fujimi, K., Ogawa, M., Saku, K., et al. (2018) · International Heart Journal · doi:10.1536/ihj.17-234 · Cited by 39
Mishali, M., Prizant-Passal, S., Avrech, T., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz006 · Cited by 40
Matsha, T. E., Ismail, S., Speelman, A. C., Hon, G. M., Davids, S. F. G., Erasmus, R. T., & Kengne, A. P. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.04.010 · Cited by 39
Bradford, S. T., Nair, S. S., Statham, A. L., van Dijk, S. J., Peters, T. J., Anwar, F., French, H. J., von Martels, J. Z. H., Sutcliffe, B., Maddugoda, M. P., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45777-w · Cited by 38
Greco, F., & Mallio, C. A. (2021) · La radiologia medica · doi:10.1007/s11547-020-01310-y · Cited by 39
“TAT, VAT and SAT areas and VAT/SAT ratio were compared between control group and ccRCC-VHL group, between control group and ccRCC-KDM5C group and between ccRCC-VHL group and ccRCC-KDM5C group using the Student’s t test.”
BackgroundInfluentialMarwick, T. H., Gimelli, A., Plein, S., Bax, J. J., Charron, P., Delgado, V., Donal, E., Lancellotti, P., Levelt, E., Maurovich‐Horvat, P., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeab220 · Cited by 40
Self-citationLRG1 is an adipokine that promotes insulin sensitivity and suppresses inflammation
Choi, C. H. J., Barr, W., Zaman, S., Model, C., Park, A., Koenen, M., Lin, Z., Szwed, S. K., Marchildon, F., Crane, A., et al. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.81559 · Cited by 39
“Visceral (Visc) WAT is particularly associated with obesity-related diseases, whereas subcutaneous (SubQ) WAT is comparatively benign ( Fox et al., 2007 ).”
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity
Mwangi, S. M., Nezami, B. G., Obukwelu, B., Anitha, M., Marri, S., Fu, P. P., Epperson, M., Le, N., Shanmugam, M., Sitaraman, S. V., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00364.2013 · Cited by 41
“Disruption of this homeostatic balance due to excessive caloric 56 intake or reduced energy expenditure can lead to obesity which together with the associated 57 metabolic syndrome is a major health problem and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality 58 worldwide (11, 15, 17).”
BackgroundJurczewska, J., Ostrowska, J., Chełchowska, M., Panczyk, M., Rudnicka, E., Kucharski, M., Smolarczyk, R., & Szostak-Węgierek, D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163652 · Cited by 37
The Weight of Obesity in Immunity from Influenza to COVID-19
Andrade, F. B., Gualberto, A. C. M., REZENDE, C. P. D., Percegoni, N., Gameiro, J., & Hottz, E. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.638852 · Cited by 37
Woolcott, O. O., & Seuring, T. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071295 · Cited by 38
Lee, S., Chang, H., Sung, J., Kim, K. J., Shin, S., Cho, I., Shim, C. Y., Hong, G., & Chung, N. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20760 · Cited by 38
“Although body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) by anthropometry are easily accessible, a greater amount of visceral fat measured by computed tomography increases metabolic risk, even after considering these standard anthropometric indices (3,4).”
BackgroundInfluence of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Therapy on Visceral Fat in Patients with Crohnʼs Disease
Li, Y. Z., Zhu, W., Gong, J., Zuo, L., Zhang, W., Gu, L., Guo, Z., Cao, L., Li, N., & Li, J. (2014) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/mib.0000000000000114 · Cited by 38
“An increasing body of evidence also indicates that the cytokine profile differs between subcutaneous fat and visceral fat,9 and these differences may explain why obesity-associated metabolic disorders correlate positively with VFA but not SFA.10,35 Our data confirm these previous results, as we found that VFA, but not…”
BackgroundResultXia, Y., Ergun, D. L., Wacker, W. K., Wang, X., Davis, C., & Kaul, S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2013.03.007 · Cited by 38
Lee, J., Beretvas, S. N., & FREELAND-GRAVES, J. H. (2014) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2014/697264 · Cited by 40
Current trends and future prospects of lipstatin: a lipase inhibitor and pro-drug for obesity
Kumar, P., & Dubey, K. K. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra14892h · Cited by 38
The Association Between Subcutaneous Fat Density and the Propensity to Store Fat Viscerally
Yeoh, A. J., Pedley, A., Rosenquist, K. J., Hoffmann, U., & Fox, C. S. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4032 · Cited by 39
“Regional fat depots may confer differential cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume more closely associated with CVD risk factors than subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume (1).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBaena, C. P., Lotufo, P. A., Fonseca, M. G. M., Santos, I. S., Goulart, A. C., & Benseñor, I. M. (2016) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2015.0083 · Cited by 38
Chen, L., Tint, M. T., Fortier, M. V., Aris, I. M., Bernard, J. Y., Colega, M., Gluckman, P. D., Saw, S., Chong, Y. S., Yap, F. K. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.230730 · Cited by 38
Circulating Blood Monocyte Subclasses and Lipid-Laden Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Human Obesity
Pecht, T., Haim, Y., Bashan, N., Shapiro, H., Harman‐Boehm, I., Kirshtein, B., Clément, K., Shai, I., & Rudich, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159350 · Cited by 40
“Our study may also suggest some clinically-relevant insights: adipose tissue inflammation, particularly of visceral depots, is strongly implicated as a signature of obesity phenotype(s) with high cardiometabolic risk [30, 31].”
BackgroundLian, X., & Gollasch, M. (2016) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-016-0692-z · Cited by 39
Higuchi, S., Kabeya, Y., & Kato, K. (2017) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.001 · Cited by 37
Ulbrich, E. J., Nanz, D., Leinhard, O. D., Marcon, M., & Fischer, M. A. (2017) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.26676 · Cited by 38
Covassin, N., Kuniyoshi, F. H. S., Singh, P., Romero‐Corral, A., Davison, D. E., López-Jiménez, F. A., Jensen, M. D., & Somers, V. K. (2018) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.12.012 · Cited by 38
Cho, G. J., Yoo, H. J., Hwang, S. Y., Choi, J. H., Lee, K., Choi, K. M., Baik, S. H., Han, S. W., & Kim, T. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1114-7 · Cited by 39
“visceral adipose tissue, the body composition component that most strongly causes metabolic disturbances [6].”
BackgroundRønn, P. F., Andersen, G. S., Lauritzen, T., Christensen, D. L., Aadahl, M., Carstensen, B., Grarup, N., & Jørgensen, M. E. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038071 · Cited by 40
Rozenberg, D., Orsso, C. E., Chohan, K., Orchanian‐Cheff, A., Nourouzpour, S., Nicholson, J. M., Elangeswaran, B., Vagaon, A., Fidler, L. M., Singer, L. G., et al. (2020) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/tri.13749 · Cited by 39
“However, our understanding of the adipose tissue stores is evolving as abdominal VAT has been conceptualized as the more metabolically active tissue previously associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors [60,61], increased frailty in LTx candidates [56], and increased limb muscle adiposity [62,63].”
BackgroundAssociation of Cardiometabolic Disease With Cancer in the Community
Liu, E. E., Suthahar, N., Paniagua, S. M., Wang, D., Lau, E. S., Li, S. X., Jovani, M., Takvorian, K. S., Kreger, B. E., Benjamin, E. J., et al. (2022) · JACC CardioOncology · doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.01.095 · Cited by 39
“A subset of FHS participants attending Offspring Cohort examination 7 (1998-2001) and Third Generation Cohort examination 1 (N 1⁄4 3,077) underwent multidetector computed tomographic (CT) assessment of various adipose depots as previously described (LightSpeed Ultra, GE Medical Systems; details are provided in the Sup…”
MethodSelf-citationCardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic risk factors in obesity
Hamer, M., & O’Donovan, G. (2010) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328331dd21 · Cited by 37
Visceral adipose tissue is significantly associated with hearing thresholds in adult women
Kim, T. S., Park, S. W., Kim, D. Y., Kim, E. B., Chung, J. W., & So, H. (2013) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12184 · Cited by 38
Characteristics of Obesity and Its Related Disorders in China
Jia, W., Wang, C., Jiang, S., & Pan, J. (2010) · Biomedical and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0895-3988(10)60025-6 · Cited by 43
Visceral and Subcutaneous Adiposity and Adiponectin in Middle‐aged Japanese Men: The ERA JUMP Study
Nakamura, Y., Sekikawa, A. M., Kadowaki, T., Kadota, A., Kadowaki, S., Maegawa, H., Kita, Y., Evans, R. G., Edmundowicz, D., Curb, J. D., et al. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.3 · Cited by 38
Kaess, B. M., Jozwiak, J. J., Mastej, M., Lukas, W., Grzeszczak, W., Windak, A., Piwowarska, W., Tykarski, A., Konduracka, E., Rygiel, K., et al. (2009) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.171520 · Cited by 38
Hvid, T., Winding, K. M., Rinnov, A., Dejgaard, T. F., Thomsen, C., Iversen, P., Brasso, K., Mikines, K. J., van Hall, G., Lindegaard, B., et al. (2013) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-12-0393 · Cited by 38
“Visceral adiposity per se may be an independent risk factor for the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and features of the metabolic syndrome (Fox et al. 2007).”
BackgroundHypertriglyceridemia: the importance of identifying patients at risk
Kushner, P. A., & Cobble, M. E. (2016) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2016.1243005 · Cited by 47
“Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data has found a strong correlation between obesity and increased TG levels, and data from the Framingham Heart Study found that visceral adiposity (adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity) is more strongly associated with hypertriglyceridemia than subcutaneo…”
BackgroundObesity-Related Kidney Disease: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives
Kreiner, F. F., Schytz, P. A., Heerspink, H. J. L., von Scholten, B. J., & Idorn, T. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092498 · Cited by 40
“Waist circumference is often used to gauge visceral adiposity, which is especially associated with a poor prognosis [10,12].”
BackgroundWang, J., Guan, J., Huang, L., Li, X., Huang, B., Feng, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.034 · Cited by 39
Farb, M. G., Tiwari, S., Karki, S., Ngo, D. T. M., Carmine, B. J., Hess, D. T., Zuriaga, M. A., Walsh, K. X., Fetterman, J. L., Hamburg, N. M., et al. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20505 · Cited by 37
“Central obesity and accumulation of intra-abdominal visceral fat, in particular, have been closely linked to cardiometabolic risk, possibly owing to increased elaboration of proatherogenic mediators from the visceral compartment (3-5).”
BackgroundHe, H., Ni, Y., Chen, J., Zhao, Z., Zhong, J., Liu, D., Yan, Z., Zhang, W., & Zhu, Z. (2009) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2009.08.003 · Cited by 37
Hmamouchi, I., Roux, C., Paternotte, S., Kolta, S., Dougados, M., & Briot, K. (2014) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.131150 · Cited by 37
Lee, J., Pedley, A., Marqusee, E., Sutherland, P. A., Hoffmann, U., Massaro, J. M., & Fox, C. S. (2016) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13124 · Cited by 37
Self-citationSeven, E., Thuesen, B. H., Linneberg, A. R., & Jeppesen, J. (2016) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07306 · Cited by 37
“Abdominal adipose tissue is manifested in the subcutaneous and visceral tissues, with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) considered being more harmful than subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT).(4) VAT is highly metabolically active and produces a variety of substances, for example interleukin-6 (IL-6), which contrib…”
BackgroundNew actions of an old friend: perivascular adipose tissue's adrenergic mechanisms
Ayala‐Lopez, N., & Watts, S. W. (2016) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13663 · Cited by 35
“Increased visceral fat mass correlates with increased arterial pressure (Fox et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLee, S., & Pickhardt, P. J. (2017) · Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s12018-017-9235-7 · Cited by 37
“CT measurements of visceral fat have also been linked to the presence of metabolic disease risk factors [40, 41].”
BackgroundVogelezang, S., Santos, S., Toemen, L., Oei, E. H. G., Felix, J. F., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2843 · Cited by 37
General and Organ Fat Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Respiratory Outcomes in Childhood
Mensink‐Bout, S. M., Santos, S., van Meel, E. R., Oei, E. H. G., de Jongste, J. C., Jaddoe, V. W. V., & Duijts, L. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201905-0942oc · Cited by 37
Zaffina, C., Wyttenbach, R., Pagnamenta, A., Grasso, R. F., Biroli, M., Grande, F. D., & Rizzo, S. (2021) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-21-619 · Cited by 37
“The distinction of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is important because the two types of fat accumulation are associated with different metabolic risks (10-12).”
BackgroundGupta, A., Smith, S. R., Greenway, F. L., & Bray, G. A. (2008) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00965.x · Cited by 35
Yong, H. S., Kim, E. J., Seo, H. S., Kang, E.-Y., Kim, Y. K., Woo, O. H., & Han, H. S. (2009) · International journal of cardiac imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-009-9542-2 · Cited by 37
Yurcisin, B. M., Gaddor, M. M., & DeMaria, E. J. (2009) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2009.05.013 · Cited by 38
Kim, S. R., Yoo, J. H., Song, H., Lee, S. S., Yoo, S. J., Kim, Y.-D., Lim, Y. S., Kim, H., Yang, C. W., Kim, Y.-S., et al. (2010) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq634 · Cited by 37
Significance of Adipose Tissue Maintenance in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Okuno, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061895 · Cited by 36
“found that visceral adipose tissue but not subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, both determined by CT results, contributed significantly to metabolic risk factors, after adjustments for covariant factors, including BMI [85].”
BackgroundDifferences in Risk Factors for Coronary Atherosclerosis According to Sex
Kim, H. (2024) · Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis · doi:10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.97 · Cited by 40
Liu, C., Liu, R., Tian, N., Fa, W., Liu, K., Wang, N., Zhu, M., Liang, X., Ma, Y., Ren, Y., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14091 · Cited by 36
Self-citationGuerra, R. C., Zúñiga-Muñoz, A. M., Guarner‐Lans, V., Díaz‐Díaz, E., Betancourt, C. A. T., & Pérez-Torres, I. (2014) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2014/175080 · Cited by 36
“risk factor for death in the world [3].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, C. S., Massaro, J. M., Hoffmann, U., Pou, K. M., Maurovich-Horvat, P., Liu, C.-Y., Vasan, R. S., Murabito, J. M., Meigs, J. B., Cupples, L. A., D’Agostino, R. B., & O’Donnell, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study (C.S.F., C.J.O.), Framingham, Mass; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine (C.S.F., K.M.P.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Boston University, Department of Mathematics (J.M.M.; R.B.D.) and School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics (C.-Y.L., L.A.C.), Boston, Mass; Radiology Department (U.H.) and Department of Medicine (J.B.M., C.J.O.),...
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2007-07-03
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-48
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W1989400130
- Cited by
- 2,882
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 102 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 164 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 162 · 2019: 161 · 2018: 161 · 2017: 157 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 184 · 2013: 151 · 2012: 124
- FWCI
- 68.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc25195-41-0-1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01‐HC25195, K24HL004334)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007529)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, metabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome, sex differences, hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus, body fat distribution, obesity, body mass index, waist circumference
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Calcium, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Organ Size, Risk, Sex Factors, United States, Hypertriglyceridemia, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Body Mass Index, Glucose Intolerance, Metabolic Syndrome, Tomography, Spiral Computed, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Overweight, Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
