Cited by 1,281Acute Ischemic Stroke ManagementCerebrovascular and Carotid Artery DiseasesIntracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Epidemiology of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes According to TOAST Criteria: Incidence, Recurrence, and Long-Term Survival in Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: A Population-Based Study

Kolominsky-Rabas, Peter L., Weber, Margarete, Gefeller, Olaf, Neundoerfer, Bernhard, Heuschmann, Peter U.·2001·Stroke

DOI 10.1161/hs1201.100209

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background and Purpose — The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival rates of ischemic stroke subtypes by a mechanism-based classification scheme (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, or TOAST). Methods — We identified all 583 residents of the city of Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany, with a first ischemic stroke between 1994 and 1998. Multiple overlapping sources of information were used to ensure completeness of case ascertainment. The cause of ischemic stroke was classified according to the TOAST criteria. Patients were followed up at 3 months and 1 and 2 years after stroke onset. Results — The age-standardized incidence rates for the European population (per 100 000) regarding ischemic stroke subtypes were as follows: cardioembolism, 30.2 (95% CI 25.6 to 35.7); small-artery occlusion, 25.8 (95% CI 21.5 to 30.9); and large-artery atherosclerosis, 15.3 (95% CI 12 to 19.3). When age-adjusted to the European population, the incidence rate for large-artery atherosclerosis was more than twice as high for men than for women (23.6/100 000 versus 9.2/100 000). Two years after onset, patients in the small-artery occlusion subgroup were 3 times more likely to be alive than those with cardioembolism. Ischemic stroke subtype according to the TOAST criteria was a significant predictor for long-term survival, whereas subtype was not a significant predictor of long-term recurrence up to 2 years, both before and after adjustment for age and sex. Conclusions — Epidemiological observational studies that possess wide access to appropriate diagnostic technologies and apply standardized etiologic classifications provide a much better understanding of underlying risk factors for initial stroke, recurrence, and mortality.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/hs1201.100209

Cites

28 of 28 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
Adams, H. P., Bendixen, B. H., Kappelle, L. J., Biller, J., Love, B. B., Gordon, D., & Marsh, E. E. (1993) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.24.1.35 · Cited by 12,350
Epidemiology of stroke
Bonita, R. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91658-u · Cited by 993
Ischemic Stroke Subtypes
Petty, G. W., Brown, R. D., Whisnant, J. P., Sicks, J. D., O’Fallon, W. M., & Wiebers, D. O. (1999) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.30.12.2513 · Cited by 729
Ischemic Stroke Subtypes
Petty, G. W., Brown, R. D., Whisnant, J. P., Sicks, J. D., O’Fallon, W. M., & Wiebers, D. O. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.5.1062 · Cited by 712
Stroke incidence, prevalence, and survival: secular trends in Rochester, Minnesota, through 1989.
Brown, R. D., Whisnant, J. P., Sicks, J. D., O’Fallon, W. M., & Wiebers, D. O. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 639
Predictors of mortality and recurrence after hospitalized cerebral infarction in an urban community
Sacco, R. L., Shi, T., Zamanillo, M. C., & Kargman, D. E. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.4.626 · Cited by 471
A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project 1981-86. 1. Methodology, demography and incident cases of first-ever stroke.
Bamford, J., Sandercock, P. A., Dennis, M. S., Warlow, C., Jones, L., McPherson, K., Vessey, M. P., Fowler, G., Molyneux, A., & Hughes, T. (1988) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.11.1373 · Cited by 469
World Health Statistics Quarterly 1993.
(1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533484 · Cited by 468
Comparing Stroke Incidence Worldwide: What Makes Studies Comparable?
Sudlow, C. L. M., & Warlow, C. P. (1996) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.27.3.550 · Cited by 451
Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Ischemic Stroke Risk
Sacco, R. L., Gan, R., Boden-Albala, B. M., Lin, I., Kargman, D. E., Hauser, W. A., Shea, S., & Paik, M. C. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.2.380 · Cited by 389

Show all 28 references

Research works printed but not linked: 14

10.1161/str.27.3.550 · DOI
10.1161/str.31.9.2074 · DOI
10.1161/str.30.2.363 · DOI
10.1161/str.29.12.2501 · DOI
10.1161/str.28.12.2500 · DOI
10.1161/str.26.6.924 · DOI
10.1161/str.25.3.8128506 · DOI
10.1161/str.25.3.8128505 · DOI
10.1161/str.23.12.1448817 · DOI
10.1161/str.30.12.2513 · DOI
10.1161/str.20.3.2922771 · DOI
10.1161/str.26.3.355 · DOI
10.1161/str.31.5.1062 · DOI
10.1161/str.29.2.380 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,000

Predictors of Recurrent Stroke in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: Comparison Study between Transesophageal Echocardiography and Cardiac CT
Lee, K. H., Hur, J., Hong, S. R., Suh, Y. J., Im, D. J., Kim, Y. J., Hong, Y. J., Lee, H., Kim, Y. J., Lee, H. S., et al. (2015) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.15142300 · Cited by 27
Modern Emergent Stroke Imaging: Pearls, Protocols, and Pitfalls
Mullins, M. E. (2006) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2005.08.002 · Cited by 27
Vascular parkinsonism and vascular dementia are associated with an increased risk of vascular events or death
Staszewski, J., Piusińska‐Macoch, R., Brodacki, B., Skrobowska, E., Macek, K., & Stępień, A. (2017) · Archives of Medical Science - Atherosclerotic Diseases · doi:10.5114/amsad.2017.68549 · Cited by 26
Stroke in the adult Qatari population (Q-stroke) a hospital-based retrospective cohort study
Imam, Y. Z. B., Kamran, S., Saqqur, M., Ibrahim, F., Chandra, P., Perkins, J. D., Malik, R. A., Akhtar, N., Al-Jerdi, S., Deleu, D., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238865 · Cited by 26
Antithrombotic Treatment after Carotid Stenting in Patients with Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation
Pardo‐Galiana, B., Medina-Rodríguez, M., Vázquez, M. M., Cabezas, J. A., Lebrato, L., Ainz-Gómez, L., Zapata‐Arriaza, E., Ortega-Quintanilla, J., de Albóniga-Chindurza, A., Montaner, J., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a7482 · Cited by 27
Stroke in sickle cell anemia patients: A need for multidisciplinary approaches
Menaa, F. (2013) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.006 · Cited by 26
Incidence of Hospitalized Stroke in the Czech Republic: The National Registry of Hospitalized Patients
Šedová, P., Brown, R. D., Zvolský, M., Kadlecová, P., Bryndziar, T., Kubelka, T., Weiss, V., Volný, O., Bednařík, J., & Mikulík, R. (2016) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.006 · Cited by 26
Total MRI burden of cerebral vessel disease correlates with the progression in patients with acute single small subcortical strokes
Jiang, J., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., Deng, W., Shen, F., & Liu, J. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1173 · Cited by 26
Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease: Epidemiology and Treatment
de Havenon, A., Meyer, C., McNally, J. S., Alexander, M. D., & Chung, L. S. (2019) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-019-0799-1 · Cited by 26
Robot-Assisted Reach Training for Improving Upper Extremity Function of Chronic Stroke
Cho, K. H., & Song, W.-K. (2015) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.237.149 · Cited by 27
A snapshot of Ischemic stroke risk factors, sub-types, and its epidemiology: Cohort study
Alawneh, K. Z., Qawasmeh, M. A., Raffee, L. A., Abuzayed, B., Hani, D. B., Abdalla, K. M., Al-Mnayyis, A., & Fataftah, J. Z. (2020) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.016 · Cited by 25
Promising Biomarker Candidates for Cardioembolic Stroke Etiology. A Brief Narrative Review and Current Opinion
Arnold, M., Schütz, V., & Mira, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.624930 · Cited by 26
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Left Atrial Function in Identification of Cardioembolism and Prediction of Outcomes in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke
Bhat, A., Chen, H. H. L., Khanna, S., Mahajan, V., Gupta, A. A., Burdusel, C., Wolfe, N., Lee, L., Gan, G. C. H., Dobbins, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2022.05.018 · Cited by 25
Association of modifiable risk factors with ischaemic stroke subtypes in Asian versus Caucasian populations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Nath, M., Swarnkar, P., Sharma, R., Kumar, A., Misra, S., & Kumar, P. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13849 · Cited by 25
Preliminary Prospective Study to Assess the Effect of Early Blood Urea Nitrogen/Creatinine Ratio-Based Hydration Therapy on Poststroke Infection Rate and Length of Stay in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Lin, W.-C., Shih, H.-M., & Lin, L.-C. (2015) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.08.002 · Cited by 25
Barriers to Stroke Thrombolysis in a Geographically Defined Population
Engelter, S. T., Gostynski, M., Papa, S., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., & Lyrer, P. A. (2006) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000097643 · Cited by 25
A Population-Based Prospective 24-Month Study of Stroke: Incidence and 30-Day Case-Fatality Rates of First-Ever Strokes in Croatia
Pikija, S., Cvetko, D., Malojčić, B., Trkanjec, Z., Pavliček, I., Lukić, A., Kopjar, A., Hajduk, M., Andrović, A., Bilić-Genter, M., et al. (2012) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000336114 · Cited by 25
Migraine and Ischemic Stroke: A Debated Question
Zotto, E. D., Pezzini, A., Giossi, A., Volonghi, I., & Padovani, A. (2008) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.36 · Cited by 25
Lacunar Infarcts, Depression, and Anxiety Symptoms One Year after Stroke
Arba, F., Ali, M., Quinn, T. J., Hankey, G. J., Lees, K. R., & Inzitari, D. (2016) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.12.018 · Cited by 25
Aetiological blood biomarkers of ischaemic stroke
Sonderer, J., & Mira, K. (2015) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2015.14138 · Cited by 25
Grating-based X-ray phase-contrast tomography of atherosclerotic plaque at high photon energies
Hetterich, H., Fill, S., Herzen, J., Willner, M. S., Zanette, I., Weitkamp, T., Rack, A., Schüller, U., Sadeghi, M., Brandl, R., et al. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik · doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.12.001 · Cited by 24
Continuous monitoring versus HOLTER ECG for detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with stroke
Gumbinger, C., Krumsdorf, U., Veltkamp, R. C., Hacke, W., & Ringleb, P. A. (2011) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03519.x · Cited by 24
Association between H-type Hypertension and Asymptomatic Extracranial Artery Stenosis
Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Wang, A., Wang, D., Jiang, R., Jia, J., Chen, S., & Zhao, X. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19740-0 · Cited by 24
Incidence and Predictive Factors of Hidden Atrial Fibrillation Detected by Implantable Loop Recorder After an Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Castro‐Urda, V. (2018) · Journal of Atrial Fibrillation · doi:10.4022/jafib.2078 · Cited by 24
Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation During Long‐Term Implantable Cardiac Monitoring Following Cryptogenic Stroke
Riordan, M. P., Opaskar, A., Yoruk, A., Younis, A., Ali, A. A., McNitt, S. A., Sahin, B., Rosero, S. Z., Goldenberg, I., & Aktaş, M. K. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.016040 · Cited by 24
The effects of concurrent M1 anodal tDCS and physical therapy interventions on function of ankle muscles in patients with stroke: a randomized, double-blinded sham-controlled trial study
Ehsani, F., Mortezanejad, M., Yosephi, M. H., Daniali, S., & Jaberzadeh, S. J. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05503-9 · Cited by 24
Patent Foramen Ovale and Cryptogenic Stroke: Integrated Management
Lucà, F., Pino, P. G., Parrini, I., Fusco, S. A. D., Ceravolo, R., Madeo, A., Leone, A., Meir, M. L., Benedetto, F. A., Riccio, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12051952 · Cited by 25
Short-Term and Long-Term Stroke Survival: The Belgrade Prognostic Study
Medic, S., Beslać‐Bumbaširević, L., Kisić-Tepavčević, D., & Pekmezovic, T. D. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2013.9.1.14 · Cited by 24
Quality of Life after Lacunar Stroke: The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Study
Dhamoon, M. S., McClure, L. A., White, C. L., Lau, H. W., Benavente, O., & Elkind, M. S. V. (2013) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.09.029 · Cited by 24
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in young cryptogenic ischemic stroke: A 3-week ECG Holter monitoring study
Šaňák, D., Hutyra, M., Král, M., Bártková, A., Zapletalová, J., Fedorco, M., Veverka, T., Vindiš, D., Dorňák, T., Skála, T., et al. (2015) · Biomedical Papers · doi:10.5507/bp.2015.019 · Cited by 24
Long-Term Survival of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease in the Acute Inflammatory Stroke Study, a Hospital-Based Cohort Described by TOAST and ASCO
Markaki, I., Franzén, I., Talani, C., Loizou, L., & Kostulas, N. (2013) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000346094 · Cited by 24
Left atrial volumes and associated stroke subtypes
Shaikh, Q., Ahmed, B., Ahmed, M., Mahar, J. H., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, A., Majeed, F., Ali, F. S., Khan, M., & Kamal, A. K. (2013) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-149 · Cited by 24
Heart-Brain Signaling in Patent Foramen Ovale–Related Stroke
Lopez, M. F., Sarracino, D. A., Vogelsang, M. S., Sutton, J. N., Athanas, M., Krastins, B., Garces, A., Prakash, A., Peterman, S. M., Demirjian, Z. N., et al. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/jim.0b013e318276de0e · Cited by 24
Prediction of Incident Atrial Fibrillation According to Gender in Patients With Ischemic Stroke From a Nationwide Cohort
Bisson, A., Bodin, A., Clémenty, N., Babuty, D., Lip, G. Y. H., & Fauchier, L. (2017) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.11.016 · Cited by 24
Elevated fasting glucose as a potential predictor for asymptomatic cerebral artery stenosis: A cross-sectional study in Chinese adults
Wang, J., Wu, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Wang, C., Gao, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, A., Wu, S., & Zhao, X. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.083 · Cited by 24
Épidémiologie des accidents vasculaires cérébraux
Béjot, Y., Caillier, M., Rouaud, O., Bénatru, I., Maugras, C., Osseby, G., & Giroud, M. (2007) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2006.11.006 · Cited by 24
Go red for women
Kornacewicz-Jach, Z., Kossuth, I., & Czechowska, M. (2006) · Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny · Cited by 24
Long‐term outcomes of patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke: A meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Abdelaziz, H. K., Saad, M. S., Abuomara, H. Z., Nairooz, R. S., Pothineni, N. V. K., Madmani, M. E., Roberts, D. H., & Mahmud, E. (2018) · Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1002/ccd.27636 · Cited by 24
Neuroprotection by the PARP inhibitor PJ34 modulates cerebral and circulating RAGE levels in rats exposed to focal brain ischemia
Greco, R., Tassorelli, C., Mangione, A. S., Levandis, G., Certo, M., Nappi, G., Bagetta, G., Blandini, F., & Amantea, D. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.006 · Cited by 23
Resting 12-lead electrocardiogram reveals high-risk sources of cardioembolism in young adult ischemic stroke
Pirinen, J., Jukka Putaala, A., Aro, A. L., Surakka, I. L., Haapaniemi, A., Kaste, M., Haapaniemi, E., Tatlisumak, T., & Lehto, M. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.095 · Cited by 23
Clinical Features and Functional Outcome of Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack
Hoshino, T., Mizuno, S., Shimizu, S., & Uchiyama, S. (2011) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.08.010 · Cited by 23
Benefits of Modifying the Predictive Factors of Stroke Recurrence
Egido, J. A. (2005) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000089360 · Cited by 23
Significance of aortic atherosclerotic disease in possibly embolic stroke: 64-multidetector row computed tomography study
Ko, Y., Park, J., Yang, M., Ko, S., Choi, S. I., Chun, E. J., Han, M., & Bae, H. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5391-0 · Cited by 23
Novel composite score to predict atrial Fibrillation in acute stroke patients
Seo, W., Kang, S. H., Jung, J., Choi, J., & Oh, K. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.002 · Cited by 23
Dual-mode noninvasive brain stimulation over the bilateral primary motor cortices in stroke patients
Choi, Y., Lee, A., Kim, M. S., Park, E., Chang, W. H., Shin, Y., & Kim, Y. (2017) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-160669 · Cited by 23
Stroke recurrence and mortality in northeastern Greece: the Evros Stroke Registry
Tsivgoulis, G. K., Katsanos, A. H., Patousi, A., Pikilidou, M. I., Birbilis, T., Mantatzis, M., Yavropoulou, M. P., Zompola, C., Triantafyllou, S., Παπάνας, Ν., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-018-9005-6 · Cited by 23
Comparing patients with spinal cord infarction and cerebral infarction: clinical characteristics, and short-term outcome
Næss, H., & Romi (2011) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s22950 · Cited by 23
Small vessel strokes
Benavente, O., White, C. L., & Roldan, A. (2005) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-005-0006-6 · Cited by 23
High five-year mortality rates of ischemic stroke subtypes: A prospective cohort study in Brazil
Cabral, N. L., Nagel, V., Conforto, A. B., Magalhães, P., Venâncio, V., Safanelli, J. A., dos Reis, F. I., Mazin, S. C., de França, P. H. C., Liberato, R., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493018806197 · Cited by 22
Aspirin resistance and blood biomarkers in predicting ischemic stroke recurrence
Dash, P., Singh, V. K., Gautam, D., Pathak, A., Kumar, A., Mishra, S. P., Dash, D., Mishra, V. N., Joshi, D., & Chaurasia, R. N. (2022) · Brain Circulation · doi:10.4103/bc.bc_75_21 · Cited by 22
Advancement of epigenetics in stroke
Peng, J., Dipritu, G., Zhang, F., Yang, L., Wu, J., Pang, J., Zhang, L., Yin, S., & Jiang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.981726 · Cited by 22
Emerging frontiers of artificial intelligence and machine learning in ischemic stroke: a comprehensive investigation of state-of-the-art methodologies, clinical applications, and unraveling challenges
Fan, Y., Song, Z., & Zhang, M. (2023) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-023-00343-3 · Cited by 22
Population-Based 5-Year Follow-Up Study in Taiwan of Dementia and Risk of Stroke
Liu, M.-E., Tsai, S., Chang, W., Hsu, C.-H., Lu, T., Hung, K.-S., Chiu, W. T., & Chang, W.-P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061771 · Cited by 22
The usefulness of delayed contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating cardiac tumors from thrombi in stroke patients
Hong, Y. J., Hur, J., Kim, Y. J., Lee, H., Nam, J. E., Kim, H. Y., Choe, K. O., & Choi, B. W. (2011) · International journal of cardiac imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-011-9961-8 · Cited by 22
Incidence and mortality of ischemic stroke subtypes in Joinville, Brazil: a population-based study
Lange, M. C., Cabral, N. L., Moro, C. H. C., Longo, A. L., Gonçalves, A., Zétola, V. D. H. F., & Rundek, T. (2015) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20150081 · Cited by 22
Frequency of ischemic stroke subtypes based on toast classification at a tertiary care center in Pakistan
Zafar, F., Tariq, W., Shoaib, R. F., Shah, A. A., Siddique, M., Zaki, A., & Assad, S. (2018) · Asian Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.4103/ajns.ajns_365_16 · Cited by 22
Cross-level interaction between individual socioeconomic status and regional deprivation on overall survival after onset of ischemic stroke: National health insurance cohort sample data from 2002 to 2013
Shin, J., Choi, Y. S., Kim, S. W., Lee, S. G., & Park, E. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.08.020 · Cited by 22
Chinese acute ischemic stroke treatment outcome registry (CASTOR): protocol for a prospective registry study on patterns of real-world treatment of acute ischemic stroke in China
Sun, W., Ou, Q., Zhang, Z., Qu, J., & Huang, Y. (2017) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1863-4 · Cited by 22
Factors Mediating Outcome After Stroke: Gender, Thrombolysis, and Their Interaction
Lee, S., Heo, S. H., Ambrosius, W. T., & Bushnell, C. (2017) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-017-0579-6 · Cited by 22
Cardiac imaging after ischemic stroke
Camen, S., Hæusler, K. G., & Schnabel, R. B. (2019) · Herz · doi:10.1007/s00059-019-4803-x · Cited by 22
Modulating pathological oscillations by rhythmic non-invasive brain stimulation—a therapeutic concept?
Krawinkel, L. A., Engel, A. K., & Hummel, F. C. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00033 · Cited by 24
Atrial Fibrillation in Young Ischemic Stroke Patients: An Underestimated Cause?
Šaňák, D., Hutyra, M., Král, M., Bártková, A., Zapletalová, J., Fedorco, M., Veverka, T., Vindiš, D., Dorňák, T., Skála, T., et al. (2015) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000369793 · Cited by 22
Thrombolysis for Stroke in the Elderly
Vatankhah, B., Dittmar, M. S., Fehm, N. P., Erban, P., Ickenstein, G. W., Jakob, W., Bogdahn, U., & Horn, M. (2005) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-005-2477-0 · Cited by 22
TOAST classification and risk factors of ischemic stroke in Lebanon
Malek, E. G., Elbejjani, M., Abbas, R., Ahad, M. A. A., Isma’eel, H., & Makki, A. A. (2019) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13201 · Cited by 21
Cardiac Imaging After Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Camen, S., Hæusler, K. G., & Schnabel, R. B. (2020) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-020-01053-3 · Cited by 23
Outcomes of Transcarotid Artery Revascularization and Carotid Endarterectomy at a Single Institution
Cappellini, C. A., Zheng, H. X., Lamb, K. M., Sooppan, R., Coffey, J., & Luo, R. (2020) · Annals of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2020.10.023 · Cited by 21
Expert opinion paper on cardiac imaging after ischemic stroke
Schnabel, R. B., Camen, S., Knebel, F., Hagendorff, A., Bavendiek, U., Böhm, M., Doehner, W., Endres, M., Gröschel, K., Goette, A., et al. (2021) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01834-x · Cited by 21
Infarct Pattern and Clinical Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Lee, K., Jung, K., Byun, J., Kim, J., & Roh, J. (2014) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000364939 · Cited by 21
Long-term Mortality in Patients with Coexisting Potential Causes of Ischemic Stroke
Kim, Y. D., Cha, M.-J., Kim, J., Lee, D. H., Lee, H. S., Nam, C. M., Nam, H. S., & Heo, J. H. (2013) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/ijs.12013 · Cited by 21
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke
Moonis, M., Kane, & Dangayach (2011) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s15079 · Cited by 21
Five-Year Recurrence Rate and the Predictors Following Stroke in the Mashhad Stroke Incidence Study: A Population-Based Cohort Study of Stroke in the Middle East
Salehi, M., Amiri, A., Thrift, A. G., Kapral, M. K., Sposato, L. A., Behrouz, R., Fang, J., Shoeibi, A., Hashemi, P., Farzadfard, M. T., et al. (2018) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000485509 · Cited by 21
Stroke Minimization through Additive Anti-atherosclerotic Agents in Routine Treatment (SMAART): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Sarfo, F. S., Sarfo‐Kantanka, O., Adamu, S., Obese, V., Voeks, J. H., Tagge, R., Sethi, V., & Ovbiagele, B. I. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2564-0 · Cited by 21
A cost-effectiveness analysis model of Preventicus atrial fibrillation screening from the point of view of statutory health insurance in Germany
Birkemeyer, R., Müller, A., Wahler, S., & von der Schulenburg, J.-M. (2020) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-020-00274-z · Cited by 21
Carotid intima media thickness measurements coupled with stroke severity strongly predict short-term outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a machine learning study
Lehmann, A. L. C. F., Alfieri, D. F., de Araújo, M. C. M., Trevisani, E. R., Nagao, M. R., Pesente, F. S., Gelinski, J. R., de Freitas, L. B., Flauzino, T., Lehmann, M. F., et al. (2021) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00784-7 · Cited by 21
Vascular Dementia and Crosstalk Between the Complement and Coagulation Systems
Parsi, M. M., Duval, C., & Ariëns, R. A. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.803169 · Cited by 21
Short-Lived Human Umbilical Cord-Blood-Derived Neural Stem Cells Influence the Endogenous Secretome and Increase the Number of Endogenous Neural Progenitors in a Rat Model of Lacunar Stroke
Jabłońska, A., Drela, K., Stanaszek, L., Janowski, M., Zalewska, T., & Łukomska, B. (2015) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9530-6 · Cited by 21
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
Jovin, T. G., Demchuk, A. M., & Gupta, R. G. (2008) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000275639.07451.e7 · Cited by 21
Cardioembolic Stroke: Mechanisms and Therapeutics
Sacchetti, D. C., Furie, K. L., & Yaghi, S. R. (2017) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1603465 · Cited by 21
The spectrum and systemic associations of microvascular dysfunction in the heart and other organs
Emfietzoglou, M., Terentes-Printzios, D. G., Kotronias, R. A., Marin, F., Montalto, C., Maria, G. L. D., & BANNING, A. P. (2022) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-022-00045-5 · Cited by 20
Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Screening, and Prognosis
Suomalainen, O., Martinez‐Majander, N., Broman, J., Mannismäki, L., Aro, A. L., Curtze, S., Pakarinen, S., Lehto, M., & Putaala, J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13010030 · Cited by 21
Cardiac CT vs Echocardiography for Intracardiac Thrombus Detection in Ischemic Stroke
Ghozy, S. A., Liu, M., Kobeissi, H., Mortezaei, A., Amoukhteh, M., Abbas, A. S., Dmytriw, A. A., Kadirvel, R., Rabinstein, A. A., Kallmes, D. F., et al. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209771 · Cited by 21
Role of Computed Tomography Perfusion in Identification of Acute Lacunar Stroke Syndromes
García-Esperón, C., Visser, M. M., Churilov, L. P., Miteff, F., Bivard, A., Lillicrap, T., Levi, C. R., Spratt, N. J., & Parsons, M. W. (2020) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.030455 · Cited by 20
Association of triglyceride–glucose index with intra- and extra-cranial arterial stenosis: a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis
Wang, A., Tian, X., Zuo, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, X., Guo, J., Wu, S., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02794-y · Cited by 20
Remote ischaemic conditioning for stroke: unanswered questions and future directions
Baig, S. S., Moyle, B., Nair, K. P. S., Redgrave, J. N. E., Majid, A., & Ali, A. (2021) · Stroke and Vascular Neurology · doi:10.1136/svn-2020-000722 · Cited by 20
Cryptogenic Stroke: How to Define It? How to Treat It?
Liberman, A. L., & Prabhakaran, S. (2013) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-013-0423-x · Cited by 20
Current and Emerging Uses of Insertable Cardiac Monitors
Tomson, T. T., & PASSMAN, R. S. (2016) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000129 · Cited by 20
Training wrist extensor function and detecting unwanted movement strategies in an EMG-controlled visuomotor task
Lyu, M., Lambelet, C., Woolley, D. G., Zhang, X., Chen, W., Ding, X., Gassert, R., & Wenderoth, N. (2017) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2017.8009468 · Cited by 20
Aterosclerose carotídea avaliada pelo eco-Doppler: associação com fatores de risco e doenças arteriais sistêmicas
de Freitas, P., Piccinato, C. E., Martins, W. P., & Filho, F. M. (2009) · Jornal Vascular Brasileiro · doi:10.1590/s1677-54492009005000001 · Cited by 20
Left Atrial Function Is Impaired in Some Patients With Stroke of Undetermined Etiology: Potential Implications for Evaluation and Therapy
Sanchís, L., Montserrat, S., Obach, V., Cervera, Á., Chamorro, Á., Vidal, B., Mas‐Stachurska, A., Bijnens, B. H., & Sitges, M. (2016) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2015.11.033 · Cited by 20
Predictors of good prognosis in total anterior circulation infarction within 6 h after onset under conventional therapy
Tei, H., Uchiyama, S., & Usui, T. (2006) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00584.x · Cited by 20
A-G-4G haplotype ofPAI-1gene polymorphisms −844 G/A,HindIIIG/C, and −675 4G/5G is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke caused by small vessel disease
Adamski, M. G., Turaj, W., Słowik, A., Włoch-Kopeć, D., Wołkow, P. P., & Szczudlik, A. (2008) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01127.x · Cited by 19
Evidence-based review of primary and secondary ischemic stroke prevention in adults: a neurosurgical perspective
Manjila, S. V., Masri, T. J., Shams, T., Chowdhry, S. A., Sila, C., & Selman, W. R. (2011) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2011.2.focus1164 · Cited by 19
Cost-Utility Analysis of Eprosartan Compared to Enalapril in Primary Prevention and Nitrendipine in Secondary Prevention in Europe—The HEALTH Model
Schwander, B., Gradl, B., Zöllner, Y. F., Lindgren, P., Diener, H., Lüders, S., Schrader, J., Antoñanzas, F., Greiner, W., & Jönsson, B. (2009) · Value in Health · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00507.x · Cited by 19
Early life characteristics and late life burden of cerebral small vessel disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Field, T. S., Doubal, F., Johnson, W., Backhouse, E. V., McHutchison, C. A., Cox, S. R., Corley, J., Pattie, A., Gow, A. J., Shenkin, S. D., et al. (2016) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101043 · Cited by 19
A plant-based diet and stroke.
Campbell, T. M. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.010 · Cited by 20
Upper limb robotic rehabilitation for chronic stroke survivors: a single-group preliminary study
Cho, K. H., Hong, M.-R., & Song, W.-K. (2018) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.30.580 · Cited by 19
Continuous 4‐week ECG monitoring with adhesive electrodes reveals AF in patients with recent embolic stroke of undetermined source
Lumikari, T., Jukka Putaala, A., Kerola, A. M., Sibolt, G., Pirinen, J., Pakarinen, S., Lehto, M., & Nieminen, T. V. M. (2019) · Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology · doi:10.1111/anec.12649 · Cited by 19
Low grade albuminuria as a risk factor for subtypes of stroke - the HUNT Study in Norway
Horn, J. W., Romundstad, S., Ellekjær, H., Janszky, I., & Horn, J. (2020) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01746-9 · Cited by 19
Risk factors for early and late recurrent ischemic strokes
Elnady, H. M., Mohammed, G. F., Elhewag, H. K., khodery, M., & Borai, A. (2020) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-020-00190-3 · Cited by 19
Blood pressure variability and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke with vascular compression on the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)
Aoki, S., Ohtsuki, T., Hosomi, N., Sueda, Y., Kono, T., Yamawaki, T., & Matsumoto, M. (2011) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2011.17 · Cited by 19

Authors: Kolominsky-Rabas, P. L., Weber, M., Gefeller, O., Neundoerfer, B., & Heuschmann, P. U.
Affiliations: From the Unit for Stroke Research and Public Health Medicine, Department of Neurology (P.L.K.-R., M.W., B.N., P.U.H.) and Department of Epidemiology (O.G.), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
ORCID: Gefeller, Olaf
Heuschmann, Peter U.
Venue: Stroke
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 32
Issue: 12
Pages: 2735-2740
ISSN: 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
1524-4628
DOI: 10.1161/hs1201.100209
OpenAlex: W2049663681
Cited by: 1,281
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 69
FWCI: 12.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Stroke (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research
Keywords: ischemic stroke, TOAST classification, stroke subtypes, cardiac embolism, small artery occlusion, large artery atherosclerosis, stroke incidence, stroke recurrence, long-term survival, sex differences, Erlangen
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Ischemia, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Observer Variation, Comorbidity, Incidence, Survival Rate, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Survivors, Stroke

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Epidemiology of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes According to TOAST Criteria: Incidence, Recurrence, and Long-Term Survival in Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks